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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Author Spotlight: Assessing the Olfactory Effects of Airborne Pollutants — Buried Food and Social Odor Tests
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Olfactory Dysfunction in Children: A Scoping Review.

Jennifer Eva Payandeh1, Mehras Motamed1, Keshinisuthan Kirubalingam1

  • 1Faculty of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery : Official Journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
|July 14, 2023
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Summary

Pediatric olfactory dysfunction stems from 45 identified causes, both congenital and acquired. Clinicians need a diagnostic approach, and safety education is crucial when the cause remains unknown.

Keywords:
etiologyolfactory dysfunctionpediatricssmell testing

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Pediatric Medicine
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Olfactory disorders are extensively studied in adults, but research on pediatric olfactory dysfunction is limited.
  • Understanding the causes and management of smell loss in children is crucial for their development and safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify known causes of olfactory loss in pediatric populations.
  • To assess the utilization and validity of smell tests in children.
  • To summarize current therapeutic strategies for pediatric olfactory dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic scoping review of PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and Web of Science databases was conducted in September 2020.
  • Two independent reviewers screened titles, abstracts, and full-texts based on predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria.
  • Data extracted included study characteristics, participant demographics, olfactory dysfunction evidence, smell test details, etiology, and therapies.

Main Results:

  • 103 articles involving 1654 participants were included in the final analysis.
  • The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test was the most common smell assessment tool (21% of studies).
  • A total of 45 causes were identified: 22 congenital and 23 acquired olfactory dysfunctions.

Conclusions:

  • Pediatric olfactory dysfunction presents with diverse etiologies, necessitating a structured diagnostic approach for clinicians.
  • Few specific therapies were identified, often tailored to the underlying cause.
  • When etiology is unclear, patient and caregiver education on safety related to smell loss is paramount.