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Related Concept Videos

Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Mutations01:35

Mutations

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Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
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Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
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Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Nuclear Power02:36

Nuclear Power

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Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
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A predictive nomogram for progression-free survival in radioiodine-refractory papillary thyroid carcinoma after reoperation: a longitudinal study in Vietnam.

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Occurrence of Newly Diagnosed Thyroid Cancer Is Not Increased After Radioactive Iodine Therapy for Graves' Disease.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Establishment of a Robust and Reproducible Model of Radiation-Induced Skin and Muscle Fibrosis
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Radiation-Related Thyroid Cancer.

Vladimir Saenko1, Norisato Mitsutake1,2

  • 1Department of Radiation Molecular Epidemiology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.

Endocrine Reviews
|July 14, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Radiation exposure increases thyroid cancer risk. While Chornobyl cancers evolved, Fukushima cancers show low probability of being radiation-induced, suggesting different risk factors and management strategies.

Keywords:
ChornobylFukushimaradiationradioiodinethyroid cancer

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Oncology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Radiation is a known environmental risk factor for thyroid cancer.
  • Exposure scenarios are diverse, including planned, existing, and emergency situations across medical, public, and occupational settings.
  • Thyroid cancer risk is dose-dependent and influenced by various modifying factors.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid cancer risk from radiation exposure is significant but varies by scenario and population.
  • Understanding the distinct epidemiological and genetic profiles of radiation-induced thyroid cancers is crucial for accurate prognosis and management.
  • Preventive measures, including stable iodine administration during nuclear emergencies, are vital for mitigating thyroid cancer risk.