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A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
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Emotionally traumatic events often lead to memories that are exceptionally vivid and enduring, sometimes persisting with remarkable clarity throughout an individual's life. A classic example of this phenomenon is a person who survives a car accident. Even years later, they may recall every detail of the event with startling accuracy — the screeching of the tires, the jarring impact, and the acrid smell of burning rubber. Such vividness contrasts sharply with how an individual...
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Complex Memory Formation in Frictional Granular Media.

D Candela1

  • 1Physics Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|July 14, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Soft frictional grains can store shear waveforms during compression and recall them in reverse order upon decompression. This memory effect in granular materials depends on friction and could appear in other compressed random media.

Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Complex Systems

Background:

  • Randomly packed granular materials exhibit complex behaviors under stress.
  • Friction plays a critical role in the mechanical properties of granular systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the memory capabilities of soft frictional granular packings.
  • To determine if arbitrary waveforms can be stored and recalled within such systems.

Main Methods:

  • Numerical simulations of soft frictional grains under compression and decompression.
  • Application of time-dependent shear as input waveform.
  • Analysis of recalled shear stress on system boundaries.

Main Results:

  • A jammed, random pack of soft frictional grains can store arbitrary waveforms applied as shear during compression.

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  • The stored waveform is recalled in time-reversed order as shear stress upon decompression.
  • The memory effect is dependent on inter-grain friction.

    • Conclusions:

    • Soft frictional granular systems possess a form of memory that can store and recall applied waveforms.
    • This phenomenon is linked to friction and may be present in other compressed random media.