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Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) in SARS-CoV-2.

Alireza Isazadeh1, Javad Ahmadian Heris2, Parviz Shahabi3

  • 1Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.

Life Sciences
|July 14, 2023
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Summary

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) detect pathogens like SARS-CoV-2, initiating immune responses. Understanding PRRs offers potential therapies for viral and microbial infections.

Keywords:
ImmunopathogenesisInnate immune responsePattern-recognition receptorsSARS-CoV-2

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are crucial sensors in innate immunity, recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).
  • PRRs bridge innate and adaptive immunity, classifying into six main types: Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), AIM2-like receptors (ALRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), and cGAS.
  • These receptors play a vital role in identifying viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2, and initiating critical immune signaling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of various PRRs and their associated signaling pathways in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • To highlight the role of PRRs in recognizing SARS-CoV-2 and triggering immune responses.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes existing knowledge on PRRs and their functions in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • Literature review focusing on PRR classification, recognition mechanisms, and downstream signaling pathways.

Main Results:

  • PRRs effectively recognize SARS-CoV-2, initiating intracellular signaling cascades.
  • Activation of transcription factors leads to the production of cytokines, chemokines, and other immune mediators.
  • PRR activation is essential for prompting robust interferon responses against SARS-CoV-2.

Conclusions:

  • PRRs are key players in the host defense against SARS-CoV-2.
  • Targeting PRRs presents a promising therapeutic strategy for managing SARS-CoV-2 and other microbial infections.