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Sampling is a crucial step in analytical chemistry, allowing researchers to collect representative data from a large population. Common sampling methods include random, judgmental, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling.
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Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Clean Sampling and Analysis of River and Estuarine Waters for Trace Metal Studies

Clean Sampling and Analysis of River and Estuarine Waters for Trace Metal Studies

Published on: July 1, 2016

Processing toxic metal source proxies appropriately for better spatial heterogeneity source apportionment.

Meiling Sheng¹, Xufeng Fei¹, Zhaohan Lou²

¹Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Information Traceability of Agriculture Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China.

The Science of the Total Environment

|July 14, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Toxic metals like lead, cadmium, and mercury contaminate soil, with industrial and agricultural activities as key human-driven sources. Natural factors like soil parent material also significantly influence toxic metal distribution across regions.

Keywords:

Integrated models Risk assessment Source apportionment Spatial heterogeneity Toxic metal

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Last Updated: Jul 23, 2025

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Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Geochemistry
Spatial Analysis

Background:

Soil toxic metals exhibit significant spatial heterogeneity, with diverse regional sources.
Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), and Mercury (Hg) are predominant toxic metals in soil.
A substantial percentage of soil samples exceed background values for Pb, Cd, and Hg.

Purpose of the Study:

To quantitatively extract main source proxies for different toxic metals using integrated models.
To analyze the spatial heterogeneity of toxic metal source distributions.
To simultaneously analyze numerical and categorical variables for source identification.

Main Methods:

Integration of the Catreg and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) models.
Quantitative extraction of source proxies, considering both numerical and categorical variables.
Analysis of spatial distribution patterns of toxic metal sources.

Main Results:

Industrial activities are a primary source of Cd, Hg, and Pb, particularly in urban areas.
Agricultural activities, including overuse of phosphoric fertilizers, contribute to Cd, Hg, and Pb contamination.
Natural sources, primarily soil parent material, significantly influence As and Cr accumulation in specific regions, while slope, soil organic matter, and pH affect overall toxic metal distribution.

Conclusions:

The integrated Catreg-GWR model effectively analyzes spatially heterogeneous environmental data.
Understanding regional source contributions is crucial for effective pollution prevention strategies.
This approach provides a foundation for targeted local pollution control of toxic metals in soil.