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Related Concept Videos

Hearing01:31

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
Hair Cells01:22

Hair Cells

Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...
Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the cochlea, a...

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Conformal in-ear bioelectronics for visual and auditory brain-computer interfaces.

Zhouheng Wang1,2, Nanlin Shi3, Yingchao Zhang2

  • 1Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.

Nature Communications
|July 14, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces SpiralE, an in-ear brain-computer interface (BCI) for motor and language rehabilitation. This novel BCI achieves high accuracy in visual and auditory tasks, offering a comfortable and effective alternative to existing methods.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience
  • Bioelectronics

Background:

  • Existing brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) face limitations like inconvenience, restricted applications, and risks of tissue damage.
  • Current non-invasive and invasive BCI technologies present challenges in user comfort and safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate an innovative in-ear bioelectronic BCI system named SpiralE.
  • To overcome the limitations of current BCI devices by offering a comfortable, adaptive, and safe solution for neural monitoring and rehabilitation.

Main Methods:

  • Designed SpiralE, an in-ear BCI utilizing bioelectronics that adaptively expands within the auditory meatus via electrothermal actuation for conformal contact.
  • Employed steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) for visual BCI tasks and natural speech auditory classification for auditory BCI tasks.
  • Conducted offline and online experiments to assess classification accuracies and typing performance.

Main Results:

  • Achieved 95% offline accuracy in a 9-target SSVEP BCI classification.
  • Successfully demonstrated a calibration-free 40-target online SSVEP speller experiment.
  • Reached 84% accuracy in natural speech auditory classification during challenging cocktail party experiments.
  • Observed significant 2nd harmonic tendencies in in-ear SSVEPs, suggesting potential for novel spatial distribution studies.

Conclusions:

  • SpiralE offers a novel, comfortable, and effective in-ear BCI solution for motor and language rehabilitation.
  • The adaptive in-ear design and high classification accuracies highlight the potential of 3D flexible bioelectronics in neural monitoring.
  • This technology advances biomedical engineering and provides a promising platform for future BCI development.