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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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A solenoid is a conducting wire coated with an insulating material, wound tightly in the form of a helical coil. The magnetic field due to a solenoid is the vector sum of the magnetic fields due to its individual turns. Therefore, for an ideal solenoid, the magnetic field within the solenoid is directly proportional to the number of turns per unit length and the current. Conversely, the magnetic field outside the solenoid is zero.
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A stationary charge creates and interacts with the electric field, while a moving charge creates a magnetic field.
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Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
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Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Alternating Magnetic Field-Responsive Hybrid Gelatin Microgels for Controlled Drug Release
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Triggering gel-sol transition by weak magnetic field.

Sergey V Stovbun1, Anatoly M Zanin1, Aleksey A Skoblin1

  • 1N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics RAS, Moscow, Russia.

Chirality
|July 15, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Chiral molecule self-assembly is driven by spin-exchange interactions, not just common forces. A magnetic field enhances this process in bulk solutions, forming gels, while inhibiting it on surfaces.

Keywords:
chiralitymagnetic fieldself-assembly

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • The physics governing the self-assembly of small, chiral molecules into fibers remains poorly understood.
  • Standard intermolecular forces (dispersion, hydrogen bonding) do not fully explain the energy requirements for this process.
  • Recent work suggests spin-exchange interactions are crucial for chiral molecule self-assembly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the magneto-sensitivity of chiral molecule self-assembly.
  • To explore the role of spin-exchange interactions in fiber formation.
  • To report the observed enhancement of self-assembly in bulk solutions by magnetic fields.

Main Methods:

  • Studied the self-assembly of trifluoroacetylated chiral amino alcohols.
  • Observed self-assembly on substrate surfaces and in bulk solutions.
  • Applied external magnetic fields during the self-assembly process.

Main Results:

  • Magnetic fields inhibited fiber growth on substrate surfaces.
  • In bulk solutions, magnetic fields significantly enhanced self-assembly.
  • A dense gel formed in bulk solutions under a magnetic field, with no gelation observed otherwise.

Conclusions:

  • Chiral molecule self-assembly exhibits magnetic field sensitivity.
  • Spin-exchange interactions play a significant role, influenced by the environment (surface vs. bulk).
  • External magnetic fields can promote gelation in specific chiral molecular systems.