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Related Concept Videos

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases00:58

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

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RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
All three eukaryotic RNAPs require specific transcription factors, of which the...
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Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

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Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
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Transcription Initiation01:47

Transcription Initiation

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Initiation is the first step of transcription in eukaryotes. Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase (RNAP) can bind to the template DNA and start transcribing. On the other hand, transcription in eukaryotes requires additional proteins, called transcription factors, to first bind to the promoter region in the DNA template. This binding helps recruit the specific RNAP that can assemble on the DNA and start transcription.
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Riboswitches01:56

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Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
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Translesion DNA Polymerases02:10

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Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
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Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

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In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
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Updated: Jul 23, 2025

mRNA Interactome Capture from Plant Protoplasts
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DNA-dependent RNA polymerases in plants.

Dong-Lei Yang1, Kun Huang2, Deyin Deng3

  • 1National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.

The Plant Cell
|July 15, 2023
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Summary

Plants have five DNA-dependent RNA polymerases (Pols) that transcribe DNA into RNA. Unique plant Pols (Pol IV and Pol V) generate small and long noncoding RNAs for transposable element silencing.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Plant Science

Background:

  • DNA-dependent RNA polymerases (Pols) are essential for gene expression in all organisms.
  • Eukaryotic nuclear Pol I, Pol II, and Pol III produce ribosomal RNAs, mRNAs, and transfer RNAs.
  • Plants uniquely possess Pol IV and Pol V, involved in transposable element silencing via RNA production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent advancements in understanding plant nucleus-localized RNA polymerases.
  • To review the evolution, function, structures, and transcription cycles of plant Pols.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on plant RNA polymerases.
  • Comparative analysis of Pol subunit composition and regulatory interactions.
  • Synthesis of structural and functional data for plant Pols.

Main Results:

  • Plant Pols share common subunits but have distinct functions due to unique subunits.
  • Pol IV and Pol V play crucial roles in producing small and long noncoding RNAs for epigenetic regulation.
  • Recent studies have shed light on the intricate transcription cycles and regulatory networks of plant Pols.

Conclusions:

  • Plant RNA polymerases exhibit specialized roles beyond those in other eukaryotes.
  • Understanding plant Pols is key to deciphering epigenetic regulation and genome stability.
  • Further research into plant Pol structures and functions will advance plant biology and biotechnology.