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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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Calcium-Scoring CT ScanA calcium-scoring CT scan, also known as coronary artery calcium (CAC) scan, detects calcium deposits in the coronary arteries. This test assesses the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), which can lead to cardiovascular events such as angina, heart failure, and sudden cardiac arrest.A calcium-scoring CT scan is generally recommended for individuals at intermediate risk of CAD without symptoms. It includes:Men aged 40-75 and women aged 50-75: Especially those with a...
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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Correlation between visual scores and parathyroid function.

Leyre Lorente-Poch1,2, Maite de Miguel-Palacio1, Joan Sancho-Insenser1,2

  • 1Endocrine Surgery Unit, General Surgery Department, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|July 17, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This review examines debates on routine parathyroid gland identification during thyroidectomy. It analyzes visual assessment methods used before indocyanine green (ICG) to predict parathyroid function post-surgery.

Keywords:
discolored parathyroid glandsparathyroid identificationparathyroid insufficiencypre-ICG eravisual scores

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrine Surgery
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Thyroidology

Background:

  • Parathyroid gland preservation is crucial during thyroidectomy to prevent hypoparathyroidism.
  • Accurate intraoperative identification of parathyroid glands remains a challenge.
  • Pre-indocyanine green (ICG) techniques relied on visual assessment for gland identification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and summarize controversies surrounding routine parathyroid gland identification in thyroidectomy.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of visual scoring systems in predicting parathyroid function.
  • To analyze historical approaches to parathyroid identification before advanced imaging techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of publications assessing visual scores for parathyroid function prediction.
  • Analysis of studies conducted during the pre-ICG era.
  • Literature search focusing on thyroidectomy outcomes and parathyroid gland assessment.

Main Results:

  • Visual assessment methods showed variable accuracy in predicting parathyroid function.
  • Controversies exist regarding the reliability and standardization of visual scoring.
  • The pre-ICG era faced significant challenges in ensuring consistent parathyroid gland identification and function.

Conclusions:

  • Routine parathyroid identification methods in the pre-ICG era were often subjective and lacked consistent predictive power.
  • Visual assessment alone may not be sufficient for reliable parathyroid function prediction.
  • The findings highlight the need for objective methods in intraoperative parathyroid assessment.