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Related Concept Videos

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

213
Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
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Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
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Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...
435
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

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Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
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Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
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The Nuances Surrounding Insulin Prescribing.

Alexis M McKee1, Abigail M Yancey2, Rong M Zhang2

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.

Clinical Diabetes : a Publication of the American Diabetes Association
|July 17, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Accurate insulin prescribing is vital for diabetes care. Understanding insulin types, packaging, storage, and use minimizes errors and improves patient safety.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Diabetes management requires precise insulin therapy.
  • Healthcare providers need comprehensive knowledge of insulin products.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review available insulin preparations.
  • To detail packaging, storage, and usage guidelines.
  • To enhance safe and effective insulin prescribing.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of insulin products.
  • Analysis of packaging and storage requirements.
  • Synthesis of best practices for insulin use.

Main Results:

  • Overview of various insulin formulations.
  • Guidance on proper insulin handling and storage.
  • Identification of common prescribing pitfalls.

Conclusions:

  • Expertise in insulin prescribing is essential for diabetes care.
  • Correctly prescribing insulin reduces errors and enhances patient safety.