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Related Concept Videos

Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
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Angina I: Introduction01:30

Angina I: Introduction

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Definition and Symptoms: Angina (angina pectoris) is chest pain or discomfort caused by myocardial ischemia, which occurs when the heart muscle receives insufficient oxygen-rich blood. It typically manifests as pressing, squeezing, or crushing sensations in the chest and may radiate to the shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back.Primary Cause: In a healthy state, the coronary arteries can dilate (widen) to increase blood flow and meet the increased oxygen demand during physical activity or...
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Coronary Artery Disease III: Clinical Manifestations01:30

Coronary Artery Disease III: Clinical Manifestations

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is a primary health risk worldwide, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. The condition arises from the buildup of atherosclerotic plaques within the coronary arteries, resulting in diminished blood supply to the heart muscle.The clinical manifestations of CAD vary widely, from asymptomatic stages to severe, life-threatening conditions. Understanding these manifestations is crucial for early diagnosis and effective management.Angina Pectoris: The Warning...
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Coronary Artery Disease IV: Preventive Measures01:26

Coronary Artery Disease IV: Preventive Measures

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Effective preventive measures for coronary artery disease (CAD) focus on controlling modifiable risk factors, including cholesterol abnormalities and lifestyle changes.Cholesterol ManagementFirst, the Mediterranean diet and the American Heart Association advocate for maintaining low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels below 100 mg/dL, with a more stringent recommendation of below 70 mg/dL for individuals at high risk. LDL cholesterol, often termed "bad cholesterol," can lead to the...
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Angina III: Clinical Manifestations and Assessment01:29

Angina III: Clinical Manifestations and Assessment

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Angina manifests as chest pain, tightness, or squeezing discomfort typically located behind the breastbone. It can radiate to the neck, jaw, shoulders, and inner aspects of the upper arms, most commonly the left arm. Patients may experience shortness of breath, fatigue, profuse sweating, dizziness, indigestion, heartburn, palpitations, anxiety, and vomiting as accompanying symptoms. This pain often lasts a few minutes and is triggered by physical exertion, emotional stress, heavy meals, or cold...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies01:30

Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies

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Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Intracoronary Acetylcholine Provocation Testing for Assessment of Coronary Vasomotor Disorders
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Coronary Spasm: Ethnic and Sex Differences.

Peter Ong1, Astrid Hubert1, Maike Schwidder1

  • 1Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Department of Cardiology and Angiology Stuttgart, Germany.

European Cardiology
|July 17, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Coronary spasm (CS) causes myocardial ischemia. This review examines ethnic and sex differences in CS prevalence and presentation, highlighting variations in Asian versus white patients and between males and females.

Keywords:
Coronary spasmepicardial and microvascular spasmethnic differencessex differences

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Vascular Medicine
  • Clinical Research

Background:

  • Coronary spasm (CS) is a recognized cause of myocardial ischemia, particularly in patients with angina and unobstructed coronary arteries.
  • Diagnosis is confirmed via coronary angiography with provocation tests using vasoactive substances like acetylcholine.
  • Existing data suggest potential ethnic and sex-related variations in CS prevalence and angiographic patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of ethnic and sex-related differences in patients diagnosed with coronary spasm.
  • To synthesize current knowledge on variations in CS presentation across different demographic groups.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing clinical studies and data on coronary spasm.
  • Analysis of prevalence and angiographic patterns reported in diverse patient populations.
  • Comparison of findings between different ethnic groups (e.g., Asian vs. white) and sexes.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests ethnic differences in the prevalence and angiographic patterns of coronary spasm.
  • Studies indicate potential variations in coronary vasomotor disorders between male and female patients.
  • Inconsistent data from large clinical studies highlight the need for further research into these differences.

Conclusions:

  • Ethnic and sex factors likely play a role in the presentation and characteristics of coronary spasm.
  • Understanding these differences is crucial for accurate diagnosis and tailored management of CS.
  • Further research is warranted to elucidate the specific mechanisms and clinical implications of these demographic variations.