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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2025

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Multimaterial and multiscale scaffold for engineering enthesis organ.

Simone Micalizzi1, Lara Russo2, Chiara Giacomelli2

  • 1Research Centre E. Piaggio and Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo L. Lazzarino 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy.

International Journal of Bioprinting
|July 17, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new biofabrication method for engineering the enthesis, the critical bone-tendon insertion site. The developed gradient scaffolds show promising results for tissue regeneration and repair of tendon and ligament injuries.

Keywords:
ElectrospinningEnthesisGradient scaffoldHuman mesenchymal stem cellsMultiscale and multimaterial 3D bioprinting

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Tendon and ligament injuries pose significant clinical challenges with current treatments offering incomplete recovery and high failure rates, particularly at the enthesis.
  • The enthesis, a complex four-zoned region connecting tendons/ligaments to bone, exhibits anisotropic mechanical properties and requires specialized regeneration strategies.
  • Existing medical interventions for enthesis injuries lack efficacy, necessitating innovative approaches like tissue engineering.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel biofabrication approach for engineering the enthesis using gradient-based scaffolds.
  • To evaluate the biocompatibility and regenerative potential of these scaffolds using bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs).
  • To assess the morphological, mechanical, and *in vivo*-like properties of the fabricated enthesis scaffolds.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of gradient-based scaffolds by combining electrospinning and 3D bioprinting technologies.
  • Seeding scaffolds with BM-MSCs to evaluate biocompatibility, adhesion, growth, proliferation, and differentiation (tenogenic and osteogenic).
  • Morphological, mechanical characterization, and tensile testing of the fabricated scaffolds.

Main Results:

  • The fabricated scaffolds demonstrated excellent biocompatibility with BM-MSCs, supporting cellular adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation.
  • Morphological and mechanical characterization revealed scaffold properties comparable to literature values for native enthesis tissues.
  • Clinical-size 3D enthesis scaffolds exhibited mechanical behavior during tensile testing similar to native tendons and ligaments *in vivo*.

Conclusions:

  • The novel biofabrication approach using electrospinning and 3D bioprinting offers a versatile platform for engineering functional enthesis tissue.
  • These gradient scaffolds hold significant potential for advancing tissue engineering strategies to treat tendon and ligament injuries.
  • The demonstrated *in vitro* and mechanical properties suggest a promising therapeutic alternative for enthesis repair and regeneration.