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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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The electron transport chain is a crucial metabolic pathway facilitating energy conversion in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The ETC comprises four membrane-associated protein complexes that mediate a series of redox reactions located in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and the plasma membrane of prokaryotes. These complexes function by transferring electrons from electron donors, such as NADH and FADH2, to terminal electron acceptors, including oxygen in aerobic respiration...
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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1
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Machine-learned dynamic disorder of electron transfer coupling.

Yi-Siang Wang1, Chun-I Wang1, Chou-Hsun Yang1

  • 1Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Section 2 Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|July 17, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dynamic disorder in electron transfer coupling is influenced by molecular movements. Machine learning and simulations reveal low-frequency modes dominate, offering new insights into charge transport dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Computational Chemistry
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Electron transfer (ET) is crucial in chemical and biological processes.
  • Electronic coupling dictates ET rates but is sensitive to nuclear dynamics, especially intermolecular movements.
  • Dynamic disorder in ET coupling is poorly understood, limiting insights into charge transport.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate dynamic disorder in hole transfer coupling between ethylene and naphthalene dimers.
  • To elucidate the role of intermolecular movements in electronic coupling dynamics.
  • To characterize the spectral density of the coupling and its temperature dependence.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized molecular dynamic (MD) simulations to model system dynamics.
  • Employed machine-learning models to analyze electronic coupling.
  • Calculated spectral density and identified dominant low-frequency modes.

Main Results:

  • Low-frequency modes, driven by intermolecular rotation and translation, dominate coupling dynamics.
  • Translational motion's contribution increases with temperature.
  • The coupling exhibits sub-Ohmic spectral density with a cut-off frequency around 10^2 cm^-1.

Conclusions:

  • Machine learning and MD simulations provide a powerful approach to study dynamic disorder in electronic coupling.
  • Understanding these dynamics is key to advancing charge transport in complex systems.
  • The findings offer new perspectives on the factors influencing electron transfer rates.