[Neuromodulation therapies for premature ejaculation: Progress in studies]

Premature ejaculation is thought of as one of the most common male sexual dysfunctions, which is pathogenically very complex, involving the nervous, endocrine and muscular functions and psychology. With deeper insights into its pathophysiological mechanism, new therapies have been incessantly developed. At present, the first-line treatment of premature ejaculation is based on oral medication, but related drug resistance and adverse effects are evident. This review focuses on the neuromodulation therapies for premature ejaculation, including dorsal nerve block, local anesthetics, hyaluronic acid injections, and botulinum toxin, aiming to provide some reference for the treatment of different cases of premature ejaculation.