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When a body is submerged in water, it experiences fluid pressure acting normal on its surface and distributed over its area. For better design structures, it is crucial to determine the magnitude and location of the resultant force acting on the surface. In the case of a rectangular plate of constant width submerged in water, the pressure increases with depth, resulting in a linearly varying trapezoidal pressure distribution from the upper to the lower edge of the plate.
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Updated: Jul 23, 2025

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Negative Pressure in Water for Efficient Heat Utilization and Transfer.

Yuxi Liu1, Zehua Yu1,2, Xiaowei Liu1

  • 1MOE Key Laboratory of Hydrodynamic Transients, School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.

Nano Letters
|July 17, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel hydrogel structure to generate significant negative pressure in water, enabling efficient energy conversion and heat transfer. This breakthrough advances sustainable energy solutions and heat management technologies.

Keywords:
evaporation-driven flowheat pipehydrogelnegative pressurestreaming potential

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Thermodynamics
  • Energy Conversion

Background:

  • Thermodynamic metastable water under negative pressure offers potential for enhanced evaporative heat transfer and low-grade heat utilization.
  • Practical application is hindered by challenges in generating and sustaining large negative pressures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel structure capable of generating and maintaining significant negative pressure in water.
  • To demonstrate the application of this negative pressure system in energy conversion and heat transfer.

Main Methods:

  • Designed a novel structure utilizing a hydrogel film as the evaporation surface and a permeable substrate as a functional layer to suppress cavitation.
  • Achieved negative pressure generation through evaporation-driven flow.
  • Employed molecular dynamics simulations to understand water-polymer interactions influencing negative pressure.

Main Results:

  • Successfully generated an evaporation-driven flow system with negative pressure as low as -1.67 MPa.
  • Demonstrated a streaming potential generator producing 1.06 V by converting environmental energy.
  • Developed a 'negative pressure heat pipe' with a heat transfer density of 9.6 kW cm⁻² over a 1 m flow length.

Conclusions:

  • The novel hydrogel-based structure effectively generates and sustains large negative pressures in water.
  • This technology enables efficient conversion of environmental energy into electricity and significantly enhances heat transfer capabilities.
  • The findings pave the way for advanced applications in sustainable energy and thermal management.