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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs

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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Genetic Drift03:33

Genetic Drift

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Natural selection—probably the most well-known evolutionary mechanism—increases the prevalence of traits that enhance survival and reproduction. However, evolution does not merely propagate favorable traits, nor does it always benefit populations.
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Speciation Rates01:07

Speciation Rates

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Overview
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
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Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations

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A variant-dependent molecular clock with anomalous diffusion models SARS-CoV-2 evolution in humans.

Lucas Goiriz1,2, Raúl Ruiz1, Òscar Garibo-I-Orts2

  • 1BioInstituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|July 17, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The study reveals anomalous diffusion patterns in SARS-CoV-2 evolution, with subdiffusion for Primal, Alpha, and Omicron variants and superdiffusion for Delta. This offers new insights into viral phylodynamics.

Keywords:
anomalous diffusiondynamic systemsstochastic processvirus evolution ratewhole genome sequencing

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Determining the Likelihood of Variant Pathogenicity Using Amino Acid-level Signal-to-Noise Analysis of Genetic Variation
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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Biostatistics
  • Mathematical Modeling

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated unprecedented monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 evolution.
  • The underlying stochastic dynamics of viral evolution remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the evolutionary motion of SARS-CoV-2 in humans using a probabilistic mathematical model.
  • To investigate the diffusion patterns of different SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Main Methods:

  • Biostatistical analysis of whole genome sequences.
  • Application of a time-dependent probabilistic mathematical model.
  • Modeling acquired mutations as displacement from the origin.

Main Results:

  • A model with constant variant-dependent evolution rate and nonlinear mutational variance explained SARS-CoV-2 evolution in the UK for 120 weeks.
  • Subdiffusion patterns were observed for Primal, Alpha, and Omicron variants.
  • A weak superdiffusion pattern was identified for the Delta variant.

Conclusions:

  • SARS-CoV-2 evolution exhibits non-Brownian motion, specifically anomalous diffusion.
  • Findings provide novel insights into viral phylodynamics and evolutionary processes.