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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
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Recombinant DNA technology called transgenesis is often used to add a foreign gene or remove a detrimental gene from an organism. Such genetically modified organisms are called transgenic organisms.
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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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Transposable element evolution in plant genome ecosystems.

Marc Pulido1, Josep M Casacuberta1

  • 1Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CRAG (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.

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Transposable elements (TEs) dynamics in plant genomes are more complex than an arms race. TE activity and host control vary greatly, resembling an evolving ecosystem with diverse interactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Transposable elements (TEs) are DNA sequences capable of changing their position within a genome.
  • The relationship between TEs and host genomes has traditionally been viewed as a constant battle, with TEs proliferating during periods of host immune evasion and then being suppressed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the complex dynamics of transposable elements (TEs) in plant genomes.
  • To explore the variations in TE activity and host genome interactions across different TE families and plant species.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of assembled plant genomes.
  • Examination of population resequencing datasets.
  • Comparative genomics to assess TE dynamics.

Main Results:

  • TE dynamics are more intricate than a simple arms race model.
  • Significant variation exists in TE transposition and elimination rates among different TE families.
  • Plant genomes exhibit diverse strategies for accommodating or eliminating TEs, ranging from large TE populations to active TE elimination.

Conclusions:

  • The interaction between TEs and host genomes is a long-term, co-evolutionary process.
  • TE dynamics are influenced by the genomic environment and the presence of other TE families.
  • Plant genomes function as evolving ecosystems where TE-host interactions are multifaceted.