Molecular basis of β-lactam antibiotic resistance of ESKAPE bacterium E. faecium Penicillin Binding Protein PBP5

Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) are essential for the formation of the bacterial cell wall. They are also the targets of β-lactam antibiotics. In Enterococcus faecium, high levels of resistance to β-lactams are associated with the expression of PBP5, with higher levels of resistance associated with distinct PBP5 variants. To define the molecular mechanism of PBP5-mediated resistance we leveraged biomolecular NMR spectroscopy of PBP5 - due to its size (>70 kDa) a challenging NMR target. Our data show that resistant PBP5 variants show significantly increased dynamics either alone or upon formation of the acyl-enzyme inhibitor complex. Furthermore, these variants also exhibit increased acyl-enzyme hydrolysis. Thus, reducing sidechain bulkiness and expanding surface loops results in increased dynamics that facilitates acyl-enzyme hydrolysis and, via increased β-lactam antibiotic turnover, facilitates β-lactam resistance. Together, these data provide the molecular basis of resistance of clinical E. faecium PBP5 variants, results that are likely applicable to the PBP family.