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Related Concept Videos

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails01:05

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails

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Nails are one of the important accessory structures of the skin. They are hard, protective structures that cover the dorsal surface of the distal phalanges of fingers and toes. Nails are composed of specialized keratinized cells and serve various functions, including protection, sensation, and manual dexterity.
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Nail Plate: The nail plate is the visible portion of the nail that extends beyond the fingertips or toes. It is a hard, translucent...
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The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements01:27

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Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. There are 118 known elements, but not all of these are naturally occurring, and only a few of them are essential for life. Living matter is composed primarily of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen, with smaller amounts of other elements like calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur. Other elements are also necessary for life but only in trace amounts.
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Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (ASV), Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry (CSV), and Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry (AdSV) are electrochemical techniques used to determine trace amounts of analytes in solution. These methods involve applying a potential to an electrode and measuring the resulting current.
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Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Two-Dimensional Visualization and Quantification of Labile, Inorganic Plant Nutrients and Contaminants in Soil
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Two-Dimensional Visualization and Quantification of Labile, Inorganic Plant Nutrients and Contaminants in Soil

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Seasonal patterns in trace elements assessed in toenails.

Kaitlyn M Wojcik1, Ann Von Holle1, Katie M O'Brien1

  • 1National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.

Research Square
|July 18, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Trace element levels in toenails show seasonal patterns, peaking in mid-August. Adjusting for this seasonality is crucial for accurate epidemiological studies on long-term exposures and health outcomes.

Keywords:
seasonal patternstoenail biomarkerstoenail element levels

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Epidemiology
  • Biomarker Analysis
  • Trace Element Toxicology

Background:

  • Measurement error in epidemiological studies can arise from seasonal variations in exposure biomarkers.
  • Seasonality of trace elements measured in toenails is not well-understood.
  • Adjusting for seasonal patterns may improve precision and reduce bias in exposure-health outcome associations.

Conclusions:

  • Toenail trace element levels demonstrate significant seasonality, particularly for elements like iron, aluminum, and lead.
  • Accounting for these seasonal variations is essential for accurate epidemiological research linking trace element exposure to health.
  • The underlying biological or environmental reasons for the observed summer peak in toenail trace elements require further investigation.