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Solvents

Solvents

A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
A...

Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents

Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents

Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance, leading to ambiguous endpoints in the titration curve. Water also affects the partial ionization of weak acids or bases. For example, water accepts a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion formed is a stronger acid than acetic acid, and the acetate ion is a stronger base than water. As a result,...

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Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems

Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems

Published on: October 31, 2019

Deep Eutectic Solvents: An Eco-friendly Design for Drug Engineering.

Feras Oyoun^1,2, Antoniya Toncheva², Luis Castillo Henríquez¹

¹CNRS, Inserm, Chemical and Biological Techniques for Health (UTCBS), Université Paris Cité, School of Pharmacy, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, F-75006, Paris, France.

|July 18, 2023

Summary

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) offer a sustainable, greener alternative to traditional organic solvents in pharmacy. These versatile compounds show promise for developing novel therapeutic DESs (TheDESs) with beneficial environmental and physicochemical properties.

Keywords:

drug delivery systems drug design green chemistry polymers therapeutic deep eutectic solvents

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Area of Science:

Green Chemistry
Sustainable Pharmacy
Materials Science

Background:

Organic solvents face restrictions due to environmental and health concerns.
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are emerging as eco-friendly alternatives with favorable properties.
DESs offer advantages like low cost, biocompatibility, and effective solubilization of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive overview of DESs, including their definition, classification, preparation, and characterization.
To introduce natural DESs (NaDESs) found in natural sources.
To present novel strategies for selecting DES constituents to optimize experimental efficiency and discuss their pharmaceutical applications.

Main Methods:

Literature review and synthesis of existing research on DESs.
Detailed classification and characterization of DESs and NaDESs.
Exploration of methods for selecting DES components and their role in drug delivery.

Main Results:

DESs are defined, classified, and their preparation and characterization methods are outlined.
Natural DESs (NaDESs) are described, highlighting their origin and properties.
The review details approaches for selecting DES constituents and discusses their potential in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications, including therapeutic DESs (TheDESs).

Conclusions:

DESs represent a significant advancement in sustainable chemistry for pharmaceutical applications.
The judicious selection of DES components can streamline the development of new therapies.
DESs hold considerable promise for the future of green pharmacy and the creation of effective therapeutic agents.