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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper cTfh Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry

Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper cTfh Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry

Published on: January 7, 2019

Circulating T cell profiles associate with enterotype signatures underlying hematological malignancy relapses.

Nicolas Vallet¹, Maud Salmona², Jeanne Malet-Villemagne³

¹Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U976, 75010 Paris, France.

Cell Host & Microbe

|July 18, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Early azithromycin use after stem cell transplants may increase cancer relapse by altering the gut microbiome. This study reveals how the antibiotic impacts gut bacteria, viruses, and metabolites, potentially affecting immune cells and leading to relapse.

Keywords:

allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation antibiotics antitumor immune responses azithromycin cancer gut virome hematological relapse metabolomic microbiome

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Last Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper cTfh Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry

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Analysis of Human T Cell Activity in an Allogeneic Co-Culture Setting of Pre-Treated Tumor Cells

Analysis of Human T Cell Activity in an Allogeneic Co-Culture Setting of Pre-Treated Tumor Cells

Published on: March 7, 2025

Area of Science:

Microbiome research
Immunology
Oncology

Background:

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a critical treatment for hematological malignancies.
Early administration of azithromycin post-HSCT has been linked to an increased risk of relapse.
The precise mechanisms by which azithromycin influences post-transplant outcomes, particularly relapse, remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of azithromycin on the gut ecosystem after HSCT.
To explore the relationship between gut microbiome alterations and cancer relapse.
To identify specific microbial and metabolic signatures associated with remission or relapse.

Main Methods:

Longitudinal characterization of gut bacteriome, virome, and metabolome in 55 patients undergoing HSCT.
Patients received either azithromycin or a placebo.
Analysis of enterotypes, bacteriophage species, metabolic pathways, and immune cell status.

Main Results:

Four distinct gut enterotypes were identified, along with associated bacteriophage networks and metabolic pathways.
One enterotype was linked to sustained remission.
Specific bacterial taxa (Bacteroides, Prevotella) and metabolic pathways (lipid, pentose, branched-chain amino acid) correlated with remission or relapse.
Alterations in gut microbiota and metabolites were associated with exhausted T cells and immune cell function.

Conclusions:

Azithromycin significantly influences the complex gut ecosystem (bacteria, viruses, metabolites) post-HSCT.
These antibiotic-induced changes may promote cancer relapse by modulating immune cell function.
Targeting the gut microbiome could offer novel strategies for improving HSCT outcomes and preventing relapse.