Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Adrenergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:16

Adrenergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

3.1K
Adrenergic agonists' structure-activity relationship (SAR) determines their selectivity and efficacy. These agonists comprise a phenylethylamine moiety with an aromatic ring and an ethylamine side chain.
Aromatic ring substitutions: Substituting the aromatic ring with –OH groups at positions 3 and 4 yields catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine), which have a high affinity for adrenoceptors. Hydrogen bonding between –OH groups and receptors enhances adrenergic activity.
Separation of...
3.1K
Adrenergic Receptors: ɑ Subtype01:31

Adrenergic Receptors: ɑ Subtype

1.6K
Adrenoceptors are classified into α and ꞵ classes based on their potencies to catecholamine agonists. α-adrenoceptors show the following order of catecholamine potency:
Adrenaline ≥ Noradrenaline >> Isoprenaline
α-adrenoceptors are further divided into α1 and α2-adrenoceptors.
α1-Adrenoceptors: These receptors are located postsynaptically on the effector organs and cause constriction of smooth muscle mediated by activation of phospholipase...
1.6K
Adrenergic Receptors: β Subtype01:26

Adrenergic Receptors: β Subtype

1.7K
β-adrenoceptors have varied sensitivities towards adrenaline, noradrenaline, and isoprenaline. The order of agonist potency is as follows:
Isoprenaline > Adrenaline > Noradrenaline
Neurotransmitter binding to these receptors causes activation of adenylyl cyclase resulting in increased concentrations of cAMP and modulation of calcium ion channels within the cell. They are further classified into β1, β2, and β3 subtypes.
β1-adrenoceptors: β1-adrenoceptors...
1.7K
Adrenergic Receptors (Adrenoceptors): Classification01:27

Adrenergic Receptors (Adrenoceptors): Classification

2.7K
Adrenergic receptors, or adrenoceptors, respond to the autonomic neurotransmitter noradrenaline and other endogenous catecholamine agonists. They are classified into two main families, α and β, based on their pharmacological response and are further subdivided depending on their location, elicited response, and affinity to specific agonists or antagonists.
α-Adrenoceptors
α-Adrenoceptors are classified into two main subtypes: α1 and α2. The α1 adrenoceptors,...
2.7K
Adrenergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Classification of ɑ-Receptor Blockers01:17

Adrenergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Classification of ɑ-Receptor Blockers

927
Adrenergic antagonists, or sympatholytics, inhibit adrenoceptor activation driven by catecholamines or agonists. Based on their adrenoceptor specificity, adrenergic blockers can be categorized into two primary groups: α-adrenergic blockers (α-blockers) and β-adrenergic blockers (β-blockers). α-blockers interact with α1 and α2 subtypes of α-adrenoceptors.
Nonselective α-blockers: Nonselective α-blockers contain haloalkylamine or imidazoline...
927
Adrenergic Agonists: Direct-Acting Agents01:30

Adrenergic Agonists: Direct-Acting Agents

1.6K
Drugs that mimic the action of endogenous catecholamines like noradrenaline and adrenaline are called adrenergic agonists or sympathomimetics. Based on their mechanism of action, sympathomimetics can be classified as direct-, indirect-, or mixed-acting sympathomimetics. Direct-acting adrenergic agonists activate adrenoceptors without affecting presynaptic neurons, making them independent of neuronal catecholamine-depleting agents like reserpine and guanethidine.
These agents can be classified...
1.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Emerging Insights into the Distinct Pharmacological Mechanisms of Buprenorphine.

Journal of chemical information and modeling·2026
Same author

Distinct pharmacological profile of a dopamine D3 receptor ligand with potential therapeutic effect in restless legs syndrome.

Sleep·2026
Same author

Author Correction: A µ-opioid receptor superagonist analgesic with minimal adverse effects.

Nature·2026
Same author

Dopaminergic hypersensitivity of the opioid-responsive striatal-entopeduncular pathway in a rodent model of restless legs syndrome.

Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology·2026
Same author

A µ-opioid receptor superagonist analgesic with minimal adverse effects.

Nature·2026
Same author

Functional significance of opioid receptor homomers and heteromers.

Nature communications·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Identification of Dopamine D1-Alpha Receptor Within Rodent Nucleus Accumbens by an Innovative RNA In Situ Detection Technology
07:25

Identification of Dopamine D1-Alpha Receptor Within Rodent Nucleus Accumbens by an Innovative RNA In Situ Detection Technology

Published on: March 27, 2018

8.6K

Significant Functional Differences Between Dopamine D4 Receptor Polymorphic Variants Upon Heteromerization with α1A

Patricia Homar-Ruano1,2, Ning-Sheng Cai3, Verònica Casadó-Anguera1,2

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

Molecular Neurobiology
|July 18, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Researchers discovered a new dopamine D4 receptor (D4R) heteromer with the alpha-1A adrenoceptor (α1A R). This interaction influences neuronal signaling and may impact neuropsychiatric disorders like PTSD.

Keywords:
ADHDCortexDopamine D4 receptorPolymorphic variantsReceptor heteromersStriatumα1A adrenoreceptor

More Related Videos

Modeling Fast-scan Cyclic Voltammetry Data from Electrically Stimulated Dopamine Neurotransmission Data Using QNsim1.0
07:41

Modeling Fast-scan Cyclic Voltammetry Data from Electrically Stimulated Dopamine Neurotransmission Data Using QNsim1.0

Published on: June 5, 2017

10.0K
Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder
04:44

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder

Published on: May 2, 2025

350

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Identification of Dopamine D1-Alpha Receptor Within Rodent Nucleus Accumbens by an Innovative RNA In Situ Detection Technology
07:25

Identification of Dopamine D1-Alpha Receptor Within Rodent Nucleus Accumbens by an Innovative RNA In Situ Detection Technology

Published on: March 27, 2018

8.6K
Modeling Fast-scan Cyclic Voltammetry Data from Electrically Stimulated Dopamine Neurotransmission Data Using QNsim1.0
07:41

Modeling Fast-scan Cyclic Voltammetry Data from Electrically Stimulated Dopamine Neurotransmission Data Using QNsim1.0

Published on: June 5, 2017

10.0K
Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder
04:44

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder

Published on: May 2, 2025

350

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The dopamine D4 receptor (D4R) and its variants play a role in frontal cortico-striatal neuron function.
  • Previously identified D4R heteromers include those with α2A adrenoceptors and D2 receptors.
  • These heteromers are localized in specific neuronal compartments, influencing neurotransmission.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the existence and functional relevance of a novel α1A R-D4R heteromer.
  • To analyze the signaling properties of α1A R-D4R heteromers involving D4.4R and D4.7R variants.
  • To understand the implications of these heteromers for cortico-striatal glutamatergic neurotransmission.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized biophysical and cell-signaling techniques.
  • Employed heteromer-disrupting peptides.
  • Experiments were conducted in mammalian transfected cells and rat brain slices.

Main Results:

  • Evidence for a new α1A R-D4R heteromer localized in cortico-striatal glutamatergic terminals was found.
  • Significant differences in allosteric modulation were observed between α1A R heteromers with D4.4R and D4.7R variants.
  • Distinct G protein-dependent and independent signaling patterns were identified for these heteromers.

Conclusions:

  • The D4.4R variant enhances α1A R-mediated noradrenergic stimulation of cortico-striatal glutamatergic neurotransmission.
  • This gain of function may reduce vulnerability to impulse control disorders.
  • Conversely, it might increase vulnerability to post-traumatic stress disorder.