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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Bead Based Multiplex Assay for Analysis of Tear Cytokine Profiles
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Tear fluid and complement activation products in tears after ocular surgery.

Hiroki Maehara1, Koki Norikawa1, Keiichiro Tanaka1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Hikarigaoka 1, Fukushima, 960-1247, Japan.

BMC Ophthalmology
|July 18, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Post-vitrectomy and cataract surgery significantly increased tear film complement activation products (CAPs). Pre-existing dry eye may prolong inflammation and delay ocular surface recovery after these procedures.

Keywords:
Complement activation productsInflammationOcular surfaceSchirmer’s testTearTears

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Immunology
  • Surgical Science

Background:

  • Cataract surgery, despite reduced invasiveness, can cause postoperative inflammation and dry eye syndrome.
  • The innate immune system, particularly complement activation, may play a role in ocular inflammation and healing post-surgery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate changes in tear film complement activation products (CAPs) and the ocular surface after combined vitrectomy and cataract surgery.
  • To explore the relationship between preoperative tear secretion and postoperative inflammation.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective study of 43 patients undergoing phacoemulsification and vitrectomy.
  • Measurement of Schirmer's test (ST) and tear CAPs (C3a, C4a, C5a) at baseline, 4 days, and 1 month post-surgery.
  • Analysis of CAPs using cytometric bead array and correlation with ST values.

Main Results:

  • Tear CAPs (C3a, C4a, C5a) significantly increased at 4 days and remained elevated at 1 month post-surgery.
  • Schirmer's test showed a transient increase at 4 days, returning to near baseline at 1 month.
  • Patients with lower preoperative ST (dry eye) exhibited significantly higher C3a levels at 1 month post-surgery.

Conclusions:

  • Combined vitrectomy and cataract surgery lead to increased tear film complement activation.
  • Preoperative tear secretion deficits may be associated with prolonged complement activation and delayed ocular surface recovery.