Advances in contraception: vaginal contraceptive rings

Area of Science:

• Reproductive Health
• Contraception
• Pharmacology

Background:

• Vaginal contraceptive rings are user-dependent hormonal contraceptives.
• Two main types are available: etonogestrel/ethinyl estradiol (ENG/EE) and segesterone acetate (SA)/EE.
• These rings combine hormones to prevent pregnancy by suppressing ovulation.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive clinical reference on the ENG/EE and SA/EE vaginal contraceptive rings.
• To detail dosing, administration, indications, advantages, disadvantages, and cost-effectiveness.
• To guide healthcare providers in managing patients using these contraceptive methods.

Main Methods:

• Literature review using PubMed and Google Scholar.
• Search terms included 'vaginal contraceptive ring', 'etonogestrel/ethinyl estradiol ring', and 'segesterone acetate/ethinyl estradiol ring'.
• Articles reviewed were from 2000 to the present, prioritizing recent publications.

Main Results:

• The ENG/EE ring requires monthly replacement; the SA/EE ring is a single device used for one year.
• Common side effects include headaches, nausea, vomiting, and vaginitis.
• Serious adverse reactions like venous thromboembolism and psychiatric events can occur; contraindications include high thrombotic risk and certain cancers.

Conclusions:

• Vaginal contraceptive rings are generally well-tolerated and preferred by patients.
• Comprehensive counseling on side effects and contraindications is essential.
• Cost relative to other methods should be discussed with patients.