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Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Surface Functional Groups Affect Iron (Hydr)oxide Heterogeneous Nucleation: Implications for Membrane Scaling.

Ping-I Chou1, Deoukchen Ghim1, Prashant Gupta2

  • 1Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1180, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States.

Environmental Science & Technology
|July 19, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hydrophobic fluoro (F) surfaces reduce iron (hydr)oxide nucleation on membranes more than hydrophilic hydroxyl (OH) or carboxyl (COOH) surfaces. This study quantifies nucleation rates and energy barriers for improved membrane scaling prediction.

Keywords:
energy barrier of nucleationheterogeneous nucleationhydrophilicityhydrophobicityiron (hydr)oxidemembrane chemical functionalitiesmembrane scaling

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Membrane Technology

Background:

  • Heterogeneous nucleation of mineral scale, like iron (hydr)oxide, on membranes initiates early-stage scaling.
  • Nanoscale iron (hydr)oxide formation and its interaction with membrane surface functional groups are difficult to observe in real time.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the heterogeneous nucleation of iron (hydr)oxide on common membrane surface functional groups: hydroxyl (OH), carboxyl (COOH), and fluoro (F).
  • To understand the influence of surface hydrophobicity and functional group density on nucleation kinetics and thermodynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized in situ grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) for real-time analysis.
  • Employed ex situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) for surface characterization.
  • Examined nucleation on F-, COOH-, and OH-modified surfaces.

Main Results:

  • Hydrophobic F-surfaces significantly reduced both heterogeneous and homogeneous iron (hydr)oxide nucleation compared to hydrophilic OH- and COOH-surfaces.
  • Higher functional group density on OH-surfaces (0.76 nmol/cm2) led to faster heterogeneous nucleation than on COOH-surfaces (0.28 ± 0.04 nmol/cm2).
  • F-surfaces exhibited the highest heterogeneous nucleation energy barrier (26 ± 0.6 kJ/mol), followed by COOH- (23 ± 0.8 kJ/mol) and OH- (20 ± 0.9 kJ/mol) surfaces.

Conclusions:

  • Surface hydrophobicity is a critical factor in controlling iron (hydr)oxide nucleation on membranes.
  • Functional group density influences nucleation rates, with higher density promoting faster nucleation.
  • The kinetic and thermodynamic data provide insights for predicting and mitigating membrane scaling.