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Related Concept Videos

Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

26.3K
Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions03:11

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

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Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
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Redox Reactions01:27

Redox Reactions

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Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
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Redox Equilibria: Overview01:23

Redox Equilibria: Overview

591
A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...
591
Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents01:26

Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

337
Besides iodine, other oxidizing or reducing agents can serve as titrants in redox titrations. Common oxidizing titrants include KMnO4, cerium(IV), and K2Cr2O7. The choice of oxidizing titrants depends on factors like stability, cost, analyte strength, and reaction rate between the analyte and titrant. KMnO4 is a strong oxidizing titrant that reduces from Mn(VII) to Mn(II) in a highly acidic solution, simultaneously oxidizing the analyte to a higher oxidation state. In this case, KMnO4 acts as a...
337
Phase I Oxidative Reactions: Overview01:19

Phase I Oxidative Reactions: Overview

307
Phase I biotransformation, or functionalization, is a crucial chemical process that converts drugs and other xenobiotics into more water-soluble forms, facilitating expulsion from the body. It involves oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic reactions that add or unveil polar functional groups on lipophilic substrates. Key players in phase I reactions are the mixed-function oxidases. Situated in liver cell microsomes, these enzymes predominantly carry out drug metabolism. They require molecular...
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Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
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First-Row Transition Metals for Catalyzing Oxygen Redox.

Hengwei Wang1, Yu Pei2, Keliang Wang1,3

  • 1School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|July 20, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Rechargeable zinc-air batteries show promise, but sluggish oxygen reactions hinder use. First-row transition metals offer efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for improved performance in these energy storage systems.

Keywords:
Zn-air batteriesbifunctional electrocatalystsoxygen evolution reaction (OER)oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)transition metals

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Rechargeable zinc-air batteries are a cost-effective alternative to lithium-ion batteries.
  • Sluggish oxygen reduction (ORR) and oxygen evolution (OER) kinetics impede practical application.
  • Noble metal catalysts are expensive and less sustainable for widespread use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advancements in bifunctional electrocatalysts for zinc-air batteries.
  • To explore the potential of first-row transition metals as ORR/OER catalysts.
  • To summarize preparation strategies and performance in alkaline media.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on ORR/OER mechanisms.
  • Analysis of bifunctional electrocatalyst performance data.
  • Summary of synthesis methods for transition metal-based catalysts.

Main Results:

  • First-row transition metals (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) exhibit high electrocatalytic activity and durability.
  • These metals are effective alternatives to noble metals for ORR/OER.
  • Various preparation strategies yield promising bifunctional catalysts.

Conclusions:

  • First-row transition metal-based electrocatalysts are crucial for advancing rechargeable zinc-air batteries.
  • Further research is needed to overcome existing challenges and optimize catalyst design.
  • Emerging trends focus on enhancing catalyst efficiency and long-term stability.