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Related Concept Videos

Magnetic Flux01:18

Magnetic Flux

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The magnetic flux measures the number of magnetic field lines passing through a given surface area. The SI unit for magnetic flux is the weber (Wb). Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity. It depends on three factors: the strength of the magnetic field B, the area through which the field lines pass, and the relative orientation of the field with the surface area.
Suppose a surface is divided into elements of area dA. For each element, the component of the magnetic field that is normal to the...
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Magnetism01:30

Magnetism

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Magnets are commonly found in everyday objects, such as toys, hangers, elevators, doorbells, and computer devices. Experimentation on these magnets shows that all magnets have two poles: one is labeled north (N) and the other south (S). Magnetic poles repel if they are alike and attract if unlike. Moreover, both poles of a magnet attract unmagnetized pieces of iron.
An individual magnetic pole cannot be isolated. No matter how small, every piece of a magnet contains a north pole and a south...
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Superconductor01:24

Superconductor

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A substance that reaches superconductivity, a state in which magnetic fields cannot penetrate, and there is no electrical resistance, is referred to as a superconductor. In 1911, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes of Leiden University, a Dutch physicist, observed a relation between the temperature and the resistance of the element mercury. The mercury sample was then cooled in liquid helium to study the linear dependence of resistance on temperature. It was observed that, as the temperature decreased, the...
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The Antenna Complex01:42

The Antenna Complex

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Plants and other photosynthetic organisms comprise pigments capable of absorption of direct sunlight. These pigments are present in the reaction center - the main site of photochemical reactions as well as in the antenna complex. Under average light conditions, the rate at which reaction center pigments absorb light is far below the electron transport chain's capacity. As a result, the reaction center alone cannot provide enough energy to drive photosynthesis. The photosynthetic efficiency...
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Electric Flux01:15

Electric Flux

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The concept of flux describes how much of something goes through a given area. More formally, it is the dot product of a vector field within an area. For a better understanding, consider an open rectangular surface with a small area that is placed in a uniform electric field. The larger the area, the more field lines go through it and, hence, the greater the flux; similarly, the stronger the electric field (represented by a greater density of lines), the greater the flux. On the other hand, if...
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Magnetic Force01:18

Magnetic Force

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In addition to the electric forces between electric charges, moving electric charges exert magnetic forces on each other. A magnetic field is created by a moving charge or a group of moving charges known as the electric current. A magnetic force is experienced by a second current or moving charge in response to this magnetic field. Fundamentally, interactions between moving electrons in the atoms of two bodies produce magnetic forces between them.
The magnetic force acting on a moving charge...
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Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Using Informational Connectivity to Measure the Synchronous Emergence of fMRI Multi-voxel Information Across Time
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The Ionospheric Connection Explorer - Prime Mission Review.

Thomas J Immel1, Scott L England2, Brian J Harding1

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|July 20, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The NASA Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) mission successfully studied Earth's ionosphere. It revealed how energy from lower and upper atmospheres influences space plasma dynamics, even during solar minimum.

Keywords:
Ion-neutral couplingIonosphereMesosphereThermosphere

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Area of Science:

  • Space Physics
  • Atmospheric Science
  • Plasma Physics

Background:

  • The Earth's ionosphere is a dynamic region influenced by solar activity and atmospheric coupling.
  • Understanding ionospheric behavior is crucial for space weather prediction and satellite operations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms controlling the ionosphere-thermosphere system using the ICON observatory.
  • To analyze the impact of lower and upper atmospheric energy inputs on ionospheric plasma density.

Main Methods:

  • The Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) mission collected in-situ and remote sensing measurements.
  • Synergistic data collection enabled comprehensive studies of the ionosphere-thermosphere system.
  • Observations covered periods of deep solar minimum and increasing solar activity.

Main Results:

  • ICON exceeded its mission objectives, providing near-continuous measurements of Earth's densest plasma.
  • Remarkable ionospheric effects driven by lower and middle atmospheric energy inputs were elucidated.
  • The transmission of energy from space to peak plasma density was observed.

Conclusions:

  • ICON's data enhances our understanding of ionospheric variability under varying geomagnetic conditions.
  • The mission demonstrated the significant role of atmospheric coupling in ionospheric dynamics.
  • ICON's findings contribute to improved space weather models and predictions.