Nanomedicines for Improved Management of Ectopic Pregnancy: A Narrative Review

Ectopic pregnancy (EP) - the implantation of an embryo outside of the endometrial cavity, often in the fallopian tube - is a significant contributor to maternal morbidity and leading cause of maternal death due to hemorrhage in first trimester. Current diagnostic modalities including human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) quantification and ultrasonography are effective, but may still misdiagnose EP at initial examination in many cases. Depending on the patient's hemodynamic stability and gestational duration of the pregnancy, as assessed by history, hCG measurement and ultrasonography, management strategies may include expectant management, chemotherapeutic treatment using methotrexate (MTX), or surgical intervention. While these strategies are largely successful, expectant management may result in tubal rupture if the pregnancy does not resolve spontaneously; MTX administration is not always successful and may induce significant side effects; and surgical intervention may result in loss of the already-damaged fallopian tube, further hampering the patient's subsequent attempts to conceive. Nanomaterial-based technologies offer the potential to enhance delivery of diagnostic imaging contrast and therapeutic agents to more effectively and safely manage EP. The purpose of this narrative review is to summarize the current state of nanomedicine technology dedicated to its potential to improve both the diagnosis and treatment of EP.