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Related Concept Videos

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Catenins are characterized by multiple binding domains and dynamic structures that allow them to function as linker proteins in cell junction complexes. All catenins, except α-catenin, contain a characteristic protein sequence called the armadillo repeat and are therefore also called armadillo proteins.
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The adherens junctions that anchor cells together are multi-protein complexes that dynamically adapt to mechanical stimuli such as tensile forces and shear stress. Mechanosensory proteins in these junctions can sense such mechanical stimuli and undergo a shift in their conformation, resulting in an altered function — a process called mechanotransduction.
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A migrating cell changes its shape during the cyclic events of attachment and detachment from the substratum and repositions the cell organelles correspondingly. These complex events are orchestrated by the dynamic cytoskeletal network comprising actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Cytoskeletal crosstalk — the direct and indirect communication between the different components — is crucial for this coordination. Direct communication involves various linker...
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Wnt is a zygotic effect gene that is expressed during very early embryonic development. It regulates various processes in animals starting from early development through the adult stage, such as organogenesis in the embryo and maintenance of neuronal and blood stem cells. Wnt proteins can induce a wide variety of intracellular pathways depending upon the specific abilities of different Wnt ligands to form a complex with shared and cognate receptors in the presence of different co-receptors. The...
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Blebs are a type of membrane protrusion formed by the internal hydrostatic pressure of the cytoplasm. Blebs are observed in several cell types, including fibroblasts, immune cells, and single-celled organisms like the amoeba. The primary function of blebs is cell locomotion and apoptosis, but they are also found during necrosis and cell division. The life cycle of a bleb comprises an initiation phase followed by the expansion and retraction phases.
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The gene encoding the main signaling molecules of the Wnt signaling pathways (the Wnt proteins) was discovered almost four decades ago by Nüsslein-Volhard and Wieschaus. They identified and originally named the gene "wingless" (wg) after a phenotype discovered during their landmark genetic screen in Drosophila for body pattern defects. At around the same time, another researcher named Harold Varmus found that a murine tumor virus activates the mammalian wg homolog, Int-1, which...
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Related Experiment Video

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Reconstitution Of β-catenin Degradation In Xenopus Egg Extract
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β-catenin repositions over time.

Sarah M Leichter1, Steven Henikoff2

  • 1Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.

Cell Systems
|July 20, 2023
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Beta-catenin, a key Wnt pathway activator, dynamically alters the genome's chromatin structure. These changes are cell-type specific, affecting differentiated and undifferentiated cells differently over time.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Cell Signaling

Background:

  • The Wnt signaling pathway is crucial for development and disease.
  • Beta-catenin acts as the nuclear effector of Wnt signaling.
  • How beta-catenin influences chromatin accessibility at target genes remains poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamic interaction of beta-catenin with the genome.
  • To elucidate the impact of beta-catenin on chromatin structure.
  • To determine cell-type-specific responses to Wnt pathway activation.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide localization studies of beta-catenin.
  • Chromatin accessibility assays over time.
  • Analysis of gene expression changes in differentiated and undifferentiated cells.

Main Results:

  • Beta-catenin exhibits dynamic, cell-type-specific genomic repositioning upon Wnt pathway stimulation.
  • Chromatin accessibility changes are transient in differentiated cells.
  • Progressive chromatin shaping is observed in undifferentiated cells.

Conclusions:

  • Beta-catenin's genomic binding and subsequent chromatin modifications are context-dependent.
  • The Wnt pathway dynamically regulates the epigenome in a cell-specific manner.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is vital for developmental biology and cancer research.