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Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

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Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
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Neuroplasticity01:01

Neuroplasticity

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Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 22, 2025

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques
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Changes in functional brain activity patterns associated with computer programming learning in novices.

Kenji Hishikawa1,2, Kenji Yoshinaga3,4, Hiroki Togo1,5

  • 1Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan.

Brain Structure & Function
|July 20, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Learning computer programming enhances brain function, particularly in the right inferior frontal gyrus. This neuroplasticity is linked to improved programming skills in novices.

Keywords:
Code comprehensionFunctional magnetic resonance imagingProgram comprehensionProgramming learningThe neuroscience of programming

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Computer Science Education

Background:

  • Computer programming is a crucial skill across many disciplines.
  • Understanding the neural basis of programming skill acquisition can optimize training.
  • Identifying brain changes during learning offers insights into related skill development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural mechanisms and brain changes associated with learning computer programming in novices.
  • To identify specific brain regions involved in programming task performance and learning.
  • To explore the relationship between brain activity, neuroplasticity, and skill improvement.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to scan 14 female university students with no prior programming experience.
  • Brain activity was recorded during early and late stages of a 5-month computer programming course.
  • Comparisons were made between programming tasks and control tasks to identify learning-related changes.

Main Results:

  • Participant accuracy in programming tasks significantly improved over the 5-month course.
  • Programming tasks activated widespread brain regions, including frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital cortex, plus subcortical structures.
  • Increased activity in the right inferior frontal gyrus correlated with improved programming performance, indicating learning-induced neuroplasticity.

Conclusions:

  • Novice computer programming acquisition leads to functional neuroplasticity in the right inferior frontal gyrus.
  • Unlike the right hemisphere, the left inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area) showed high activity but no significant learning-induced changes or correlation with performance.
  • The findings highlight the role of the right inferior frontal gyrus in the neurocognitive processes underlying programming skill development.