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An automatic red-female association tested by the Stroop task.

Na Chen1, Koyo Nakamura2, Katsumi Watanabe3

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Japanese participants show a strong automatic association between the color red and femininity, influencing both word and color perception. The green-male association was less pronounced.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Social Psychology
  • Cultural Psychology

Background:

  • Color symbolism often carries gendered connotations across cultures.
  • Previous research suggests potential links between specific colors and gender perception.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the automatic association between red and female, and green and male in Japanese culture.
  • To examine how these color-gender associations influence both conceptual categorization and perceptual processing.

Main Methods:

  • Two Stroop-word categorization tasks were employed with Japanese gendered words presented in red, green, or gray.
  • Experiment 1 assessed word categorization (masculine/feminine) based on font color.
  • Experiment 2 evaluated perceptual color categorization (red/green) while ignoring word meaning.

Main Results:

  • A significant red-female congruency effect was found: red facilitated feminine word categorization and inhibited masculine word categorization.
  • Participants responded faster and made fewer errors categorizing red font colors for feminine words compared to masculine words.
  • A congruent effect of green-male association was observed on performance accuracy, but not response times.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides evidence for an automatically activated red-female association in Japanese participants.
  • This association influences both higher-level conceptual gender categorization and lower-level perceptual color processing.
  • The findings contribute to understanding the interplay between cultural color symbolism and cognitive processes.