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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Forced Transdifferentiation

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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 22, 2025

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Transcriptomic differences between human 8-cell-like cells reprogrammed with different methods.

Masahito Yoshihara1, Juha Kere2

  • 1Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Advanced Academic Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Department of Artificial Intelligence Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.

Stem Cell Reports
|July 21, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human embryonic genome activation (EGA) is now better understood using novel human 8-cell-like cells (8CLCs). These models, derived from pluripotent stem cells, mimic early development for studying human embryogenesis.

Keywords:
8-cell-like cells8CLCsblastomereembryonic genome activationembryonic stem cellshuman embryoreprogrammingtranscriptomics

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Profiling Individual Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Quantitative RT-PCR
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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Embryonic genome activation (EGA) is crucial for development, but human EGA is poorly understood.
  • Existing mouse models do not fully represent human early development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize methods for generating human 8-cell-like cells (8CLCs).
  • To compare transcriptomic profiles of 8CLCs with human embryonic development.
  • To facilitate research into human EGA and embryogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of human 8-cell-like cells (8CLCs) from pluripotent stem cells.
  • Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) for cellular identity.
  • Integration of 8CLC transcriptomic data with human embryo scRNA-seq datasets.

Main Results:

  • Five independent groups have developed methods to produce 8CLCs.
  • Transcriptomic profiles of 8CLCs show similarities to early human embryos.
  • Comparative analysis validates 8CLCs as models for human EGA.

Conclusions:

  • Human 8CLCs provide a valuable in vitro model for studying EGA.
  • These models enable detailed characterization of genes in human pre-implantation development.
  • Further research using 8CLCs will advance understanding of human embryogenesis.