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Related Concept Videos

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction01:27

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

23
Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such...
23
Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management01:28

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

17
Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
17
Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

19
The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
19
Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction01:26

Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction

26
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) impact various parts of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These infections are generally bacterial, with Escherichia coli being the most common causative agent, often originating from the gastrointestinal tract. However, other bacteria, such as Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis, are also known to cause UTIs. The type, location, and underlying complexity of the UTI guide both...
26
Urine Studies II: Urine Culture and Sensitivity Test01:26

Urine Studies II: Urine Culture and Sensitivity Test

55
A urine culture and sensitivity test is a diagnostic procedure used to identify urinary tract bacterial infections and determine the most effective antibiotics for treatment. This test is generally preferred when a patient shows manifestations of a urinary tract infection, such as frequent or painful urination, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, or lower abdominal pain.Purpose of the TestThe primary goals of a urine culture and sensitivity test are to:Determine the specific bacteria causing the...
55
Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:30

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

15
A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
15

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 22, 2025

Establishment and Characterization of UTI and CAUTI in a Mouse Model
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Uropathogen and host responses in pyelonephritis.

Laura Schwartz1,2, Juan de Dios Ruiz-Rosado3,4, Emily Stonebrook3,4

  • 1The Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Nationwide Children's Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA. Laura.Schwartz@nationwidechildrens.org.

Nature Reviews. Nephrology
|July 21, 2023
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Summary

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) ascending to the kidneys cause pyelonephritis and potential kidney damage. Understanding how uropathogenic Escherichia coli causes infection and how the body responds is key to developing new treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common bacterial infections.
  • Ascending UTIs to the kidneys can lead to pyelonephritis, kidney injury, and impaired function.
  • Mechanisms of kidney infection, progression, and clearance are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms of pyelonephritis caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC).
  • To understand how kidney tubular epithelial cells combat UPEC infection.
  • To investigate the role of cellular immune responses in infection eradication versus kidney injury.

Main Methods:

  • Identification of UPEC virulence factors.
  • Analysis of kidney tubular epithelial cell responses to UPEC.
  • Characterization of immune cell involvement in pyelonephritis.

Main Results:

  • UPEC virulence factors contribute to pyelonephritis development.
  • Kidney tubular epithelial cells possess mechanisms to oppose UPEC.
  • Specific immune responses clear infection, while others exacerbate kidney injury.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding UPEC virulence and host-kidney interactions is crucial.
  • Targeting UPEC mechanisms and host responses can inform new therapeutic strategies.
  • Mitigating pyelonephritis requires knowledge of immune evasion and antibiotic resistance.