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Teeth

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 22, 2025

Semi-Automated Planimetric Quantification of Dental Plaque Using an Intraoral Fluorescence Camera

Semi-Automated Planimetric Quantification of Dental Plaque Using an Intraoral Fluorescence Camera

Published on: January 27, 2023

A Meta-analysis Comparing Toothbrush Technologies on Gingivitis and Plaque.

Yuanshu Zou¹, Julie Grender¹, Ralf Adam²

¹Oral Care Research & Development, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio, USA.

International Dental Journal

|July 22, 2023

Summary

Oscillating-rotating toothbrushes significantly outperform manual and sonic brushes in reducing gingivitis and plaque. Advanced oscillating-rotating models show even greater efficacy for improved oral health.

Keywords:

Bacteria Biofilm Gingival disease Prevention and control Toothbrushing periodontitis

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Area of Science:

Oral Health
Periodontal Health
Preventive Dentistry

Background:

Effective daily plaque removal is crucial for maintaining periodontal health and overall well-being.
Research highlights the link between oral health and systemic health.
This study compares oscillating-rotating, sonic, and manual toothbrushes for plaque and gingivitis reduction.

Approach:

A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from 2007-2022 was conducted.
Participant-level data was used for direct and indirect treatment comparisons.
Transition rates to gingival health, bleeding sites, and plaque reduction were analyzed.

Key Points:

Oscillating-rotating brushes achieved higher participant transition to gingival health (72%) versus sonic (54%) and manual (21%).
Greater reductions in bleeding sites (52% vs manual, 29% vs sonic) and plaque (19% vs manual, 5% vs sonic) were observed with oscillating-rotating brushes.
Advanced oscillating-rotating models demonstrated superior efficacy compared to traditional models, manual, and sonic brushes.

Conclusions:

Oscillating-rotating toothbrushes provide superior outcomes for gingivitis and plaque reduction compared to manual and sonic alternatives.
These brushes facilitate a faster transition to gingival health.
The latest oscillating-rotating toothbrush technology offers enhanced clinical benefits.