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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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Transposons01:24

Transposons

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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 22, 2025

Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity
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How transposable elements are recognized and epigenetically silenced in plants?

Beibei Liu1, Meixia Zhao2

  • 1Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.

Current Opinion in Plant Biology
|July 23, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Host organisms epigenetically silence transposable elements (TEs) using small RNAs and DNA methylation. This review discusses TE silencing initiation, unstable inheritance after hybridization, and impacts on genomic imprinting.

Keywords:
DNA methylationEpigenetic silencingGenomic imprintingHybridizationTransposable elements

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Area of Science:

  • Plant molecular biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Plant genomes contain numerous transposable elements (TEs) that can cause mutations.
  • Organisms possess defense mechanisms to epigenetically silence TEs, primarily involving small RNAs and DNA methylation.
  • While TE silencing maintenance is understood, its initiation mechanisms require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current models of transposable element (TE) silencing initiation.
  • To discuss the unstable inheritance of TE silencing, particularly after hybridization.
  • To explore the influence of epigenetic TE regulation on genomic imprinting.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on TE silencing.
  • Analysis of epigenetic mechanisms including small RNAs and DNA methylation.
  • Examination of TE behavior and inheritance patterns in plant hybrids.

Main Results:

  • TE silencing initiation involves small RNAs and DNA methylation.
  • Inheritance of TE silencing can be unstable, leading to TE activation.
  • Epigenetic regulation of TEs impacts gene regulation and genomic imprinting.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding TE silencing initiation is crucial for comprehending genome stability.
  • Hybridization can disrupt established TE silencing, affecting genome integrity.
  • Epigenetic control of TEs has broad implications for gene expression and developmental processes like imprinting.