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Do worksite health promotion programs (WHPP) influence presenteeism among employees? A systematic review1

Pernille G Støren^1,2, Hilde Grønningsæter¹

¹Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway (USN), Borre, Norway.

Work (Reading, Mass.)

|July 24, 2023

Abstract

Background:

Worksite health promotion programs (WHPP) aiming to reduce presenteeism are rapidly increasing. However, program-efficacy seems impaired by lack of conceptual understanding and theoretical frameworks related to presenteeism.

Objectives:

To study (1) the concept of presenteeism, (2) the causes of the phenomenon and (3) which WHPP affect presenteeism.

Methods:

We followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines for mapping relevant literature in seven databases. The main search-terms were "worksite", "WHPP", "presenteeism", "employee productivity" and "interventions". Reviews and review of reviews were included and analysed according to research questions and ecological theory.

Results:

Of 2196 studies identified, 14 reviews were included, comprising 1390 single studies. Conceptually, presenteeism was poorly defined, mostly related to productivity/performance limitations due to ill health. Factors causing presenteeism addressed individual health or lifestyle (78%), and, to a lesser extent work and organisational factors (management/job stress) (22%). Forty-five highly diverse WHPP were identified, about 90% focusing health outcomes. 22/45 WHPP affected presenteeism/productivity positively. Multi-component WHPP implemented at multi levels accounted for 55%. Single-component programs, implemented at individual level, were mostly targeting health-risk subgroups. No specific WHPP seems preferable. Methodological quality seems highly associated with worksite intervention-efficacy.

Conclusion:

Increased telework opportunities due to COVID-19 experiences has affected working conditions worldwide, for better and worse, requiring adaptions at employee, management, organisational and socio-cultural levels. Our results showed high program diversity, several adaptable to future needs (e.g., digital solutions), however hampered by narrow focus on individual health. Future research should focus on theory-based high quality multilevel WHPP comprising contextual, work, and organisational factors.

Keywords:

Worksite health cost intervention occupational programs physical exercise productivity loss stress management sustainable

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