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Related Concept Videos

Determining the Plane of Cell Division02:13

Determining the Plane of Cell Division

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Positioning the cell division plane is a critical step during development and cell differentiation, particularly during mitosis when the plane is essential for determining the size of the two daughter cells. The cell division plane is perpendicular to the plane of chromosome segregation, but different types of organisms have different cell division mechanisms to suit their morphology and function. 
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The Phragmoplast01:59

The Phragmoplast

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Cell division is essential for organismal growth and development. In animal cells, the central spindle and its associated proteins form the midbody, a structure that has an essential role in cytokinesis. In plants, the central spindle, along with the microtubules, actin, and other cell components, matures into the phragmoplast, which is necessary for cytokinesis. Unlike the stationary midbody, the phragmoplast expands centrifugally, eventually leading to the formation of the new cell wall.
The...
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Centrioles and Centrosomes01:13

Centrioles and Centrosomes

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Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
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Role of Microtubules in Cell Wall Deposition01:02

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Microtubules are small hollow tubes in eukaryotic cells. The cell wall microtubules are polymerized dimers of two globular proteins, α-tubulin and β-tubulin, two globular proteins. With a diameter of about 25 nm, microtubules are the widest components of the cytoskeleton. They help the cell resist compression and provide a track along which vesicles move through the cell or pull replicated chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell. Microtubules go through quick cycles of...
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Mitosis and Cytokinesis01:35

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In eukaryotes, the cell division cycle is divided into distinct, coordinated cellular processes that include cell growth, DNA replication/chromosome duplication, chromosome distribution to daughter cells, and finally, cell division. The cell cycle is tightly regulated by its regulatory systems as well as extracellular signals that affect cell proliferation.
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Distribution of Cytoplasmic Content02:33

Distribution of Cytoplasmic Content

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Cytokinesis segregates a cell’s chromosomes and organelles into its daughter cells. Organelles divide and grow prior to cell division but cannot be synthesized de novo; therefore, cells must receive at least one copy of each organelle to survive. Currently, many of the details of how the organelles are distributed are not yet fully elucidated.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 22, 2025

Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves
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Subcellular positioning during cell division and cell plate formation in maize.

Lindy A Allsman1, Marschal A Bellinger1, Vivian Huang1

  • 1Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.

Frontiers in Plant Science
|July 24, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Plant cell division involves intricate coordination of cytoskeleton and organelles for cell plate formation. This study tracks these dynamics in maize, revealing insights into microtubule behavior and protein localization during cytokinesis.

Keywords:
cell platemaizemicrotubulemitosisphragmoplast

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Cell Biology
  • Cytokinesis Research
  • Molecular Plant Science

Background:

  • Plant cell division requires precise orchestration of cytoskeletal elements and organelle movement to form the new cell wall (cell plate).
  • Understanding the dynamic reorganization of cellular components during cytokinesis is crucial for plant growth and development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamic reorganization of microtubules, nuclei, endoplasmic reticulum, and endomembrane compartments during cell plate formation in maize leaf epidermal cells.
  • To assess the impact of specific inhibitors and herbicides on cell plate formation and protein localization in maize.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized live-cell markers to track dynamic changes in cellular structures during mitosis and cytokinesis.
  • Observed the localization of key proteins, including END BINDING1 (EB1), KNOLLE, and RAB-GTPases.
  • Applied the cytokinesis inhibitor Endosidin7 (ES7) and the microtubule-disrupting herbicide chlorpropham (CIPC) to maize cells.

Main Results:

  • Microtubule dynamicity increased during mitosis, as indicated by EB1 localization.
  • ES7 did not affect callose accumulation or cell plate formation in maize, unlike in *Arabidopsis thaliana*.
  • CIPC treatment occasionally resulted in irregular cell plates but did not disrupt the localization of cell-plate proteins in maize.

Conclusions:

  • The studied markers offer effective tools for analyzing subcellular trafficking and organelle organization during plant cell division.
  • Maize exhibits distinct responses to cytokinesis inhibitors compared to *Arabidopsis thaliana*, highlighting species-specific mechanisms in cell plate formation.