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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

231
Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
231
Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

514
The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
514
Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

627
The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
627
Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

326
The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
326
Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

384
Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 22, 2025

Sustained Administration of &#946;-cell Mitogens to Intact Mouse Islets Ex Vivo Using Biodegradable Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres
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Material design for oral insulin delivery.

Kangfan Ji1,2,3, Yuejun Yao1,2,3, Xinwei Wei1,2,3

  • 1Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China.

Med-X
|July 24, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Oral insulin delivery offers a non-invasive alternative to frequent injections for diabetes management. New materials are being developed to overcome challenges in protecting insulin and improving its absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.

Keywords:
Drug deliveryGlucose-responsiveInsulin deliveryMaterial designOral administration

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Frequent insulin injections are standard for diabetes mellitus but suffer from poor patient compliance.
  • Oral insulin delivery is highly sought after due to its non-invasive nature.
  • The gastrointestinal environment and intestinal barriers limit oral insulin's bioavailability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in material design for oral insulin delivery.
  • To highlight strategies for enhancing insulin protection, permeability, and glucose-responsive release.
  • To discuss the potential and hurdles of utilizing these materials in clinical practice.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications on oral insulin delivery systems.
  • Analysis of material properties and their impact on insulin pharmacokinetics.
  • Exploration of formulation strategies and delivery mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Various materials have been designed to shield insulin from degradation in the GI tract.
  • Strategies exist to enhance insulin's passage across intestinal barriers.
  • Development of systems for glucose-responsive insulin release is progressing.

Conclusions:

  • Material science offers promising solutions for effective oral insulin delivery.
  • Overcoming bioavailability and stability challenges is key for clinical translation.
  • Further research is needed to optimize these systems for widespread use in diabetes care.