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An assessment of token value and effectiveness: A replication.

Marcella M Hangen1,2, Ashley N Romero2, Halle M Norris2

  • 1Department of Disability and Psychoeducational Studies, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

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Summary

This study replicated previous research on token reinforcement, finding that paired tokens may work as reinforcers but are less effective than primary reinforcement. This research extends understanding of token systems in behavior analysis.

Keywords:
conditionedprogressive-ratio schedulereinforcementreinforcer assessmenttoken economytoken reinforcement

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Area of Science:

  • Behavior analysis
  • Reinforcement principles

Background:

  • Token reinforcement systems are widely used in behavior analysis.
  • Previous research has limitations in conditioning procedures and generality.
  • Understanding the efficacy of different token types is crucial for practical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically replicate Fiske et al. (2015) on token reinforcement.
  • To address limitations of prior studies by refining conditioning and control.
  • To compare the reinforcing value of primary, paired, and unpaired tokens.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized progressive-ratio schedules to assess reinforcing efficacy.
  • Included specific conditioning procedures and controlled reinforcement history.
  • Compared token effectiveness across participants with and without disabilities.

Main Results:

  • Paired tokens demonstrated some reinforcing properties.
  • Primary reinforcers were consistently more effective than paired tokens.
  • Results suggest paired tokens are less consistently effective.

Conclusions:

  • Paired tokens can function as reinforcers, but with limitations.
  • Systematic replication with methodological improvements extends token reinforcement literature.
  • Findings contribute to understanding token efficacy in behavior analysis.