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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional Science
  • Public Health
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • The current adult tolerable upper intake level (UL) for magnesium (Mg) from supplements is 350 mg/d, established in 1997.
  • Diarrhea was identified as the primary limiting factor for this UL.
  • Re-evaluating the Mg UL is proposed to potentially reduce undernutrition and chronic disease risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess current evidence on the safety of oral magnesium (Mg) supplements exceeding the established UL.
  • To determine if the Mg UL for adults requires re-evaluation based on updated data regarding diarrhea occurrence.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a PubMed search for intervention studies (1997-2022) using single-ingredient Mg products and reporting diarrhea.
  • Searched the FDA CAERS database for Mg-related adverse events.
  • Included meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials in the literature review.

Main Results:

  • Ten studies (including 5 meta-analyses, 5 RCTs) were identified; seven showed no significant difference in diarrhea with Mg intakes from 128-1200 mg/d.
  • One meta-analysis noted minor GI issues at 520 mg/d Mg, with no significant withdrawal differences.
  • FDA CAERS identified 40 Mg-related GI events, with only one-third reporting diarrhea.

Conclusions:

  • Updated data suggest that magnesium supplement doses above the current UL of 350 mg/d can be safely consumed by adults.
  • The risk of diarrhea does not appear to significantly increase at higher supplemental magnesium intakes.
  • The current magnesium UL may warrant re-evaluation based on contemporary safety data.