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Varicose veins, or varicosities, develop when the valves in the veins, which control blood flow, weaken or damage. It causes blood to pool and the veins to enlarge. Understanding the clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and management options for varicose veins is crucial for effective treatment and relief.Clinical manifestationsClinical manifestations of varicose veins include a heavy, achy feeling or pain after prolonged standing or sitting. This discomfort can often be relieved by...
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Updated: Jul 21, 2025

Fully Endoscopic Mitral Valve Repair with Percutaneous Cannulation of Groin Vessels
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Combat Vascular Access: A Scoping Review.

Shane A Smith, John White, Tabitha McGuire

    Journal of Special Operations Medicine : a Peer Reviewed Journal for SOF Medical Professionals
    |July 25, 2023
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Medical leaders need to choose the best vascular access methods for combat trauma resuscitation. This review analyzes prehospital intravenous (IV), intraosseous (IO), and central venous access techniques to guide evidence-based decisions.

    Keywords:
    central venous cathetersinterosseus accessintravenous accessvascular access

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    Area of Science:

    • Emergency Medicine
    • Military Medicine
    • Trauma Surgery

    Background:

    • Effective vascular access is critical for successful combat trauma resuscitation.
    • Medical leadership requires evidence to determine optimal prehospital vascular access strategies in deployed environments.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review and synthesize the existing literature on vascular access methods used in the prehospital combat setting.
    • To provide commanders with an evidence-based summary to inform decisions on combat vascular access.

    Main Methods:

    • A systematic search of Medline and EMBASE databases was performed for articles on combat vascular access.
    • Data extracted included the type of vascular access, operator, and success rates.
    • 24 articles were included from an initial search of 1,339 results.

    Main Results:

    • Intravenous (IV), intraosseous (IO), and central venous access are all documented methods for prehospital combat vascular access.
    • The review analyzed the types of interventions, who performed them, and their respective success rates.

    Conclusions:

    • The choice of prehospital vascular access in combat settings requires careful consideration of available evidence.
    • This review aims to support commanders in making informed, evidence-based decisions regarding vascular access strategies.