[Formula: see text] footprint minimization of solar-powered HALE using MDO and eco-material selection

Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) enables one to reach a better solution than by optimizing each discipline independently. In particular, the optimal structure of a drone varies depending on the selected material. The [Formula: see text] footprint of a solar-powered High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) drone is optimized here, where the structural materials used is one of the design variables. Optimization is performed using a modified version of OpenAeroStruct, a framework based on OpenMDAO. Our EcoHale framework is validated on a classical HALE testcase in the MDO community (FBhale) constructed using high-fidelity codes compared to our low-fidelity approach. The originality of our work is to include two specific disciplines (energy and environment) to adapt to a new problem of [Formula: see text] minimization. The choice of eco-materials is performed in the global MDO loop from a choice of discrete materials . This is achieved through a variable relaxation, enabling the use of continuous optimization algorithms inspired from multimaterial topology optimization. Our results show that, in our specific case of electric drone, the optimal material in terms of [Formula: see text] footprint is also the optimal material in terms of weight. It opens the door to new researches on digital microarchitectured materials that will decrease the [Formula: see text] footprint of the drone.