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Epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and management of long COVID: an update

Sizhen Su1, Yimiao Zhao2,3, Na Zeng2,3

  • 1Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China.

Molecular Psychiatry
|July 25, 2023
PubMed

Insights

Long COVID, a condition following SARS-CoV-2 infection, impacts multiple body systems. This review synthesizes its epidemiology, risk factors, and proposes management guidelines for better treatment and prevention.

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a rise in long COVID cases.
  • Long COVID presents diverse symptoms affecting multiple organ systems.
  • Definitions and understanding of long COVID vary globally.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize current knowledge on long COVID epidemiology, symptoms, and risk factors.
  • To explore potential pathophysiological mechanisms and biomarkers for long COVID.
  • To propose evidence-based guidelines for comprehensive long COVID management.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of published literature on long COVID.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data, clinical symptoms, and identified risk factors.
  • Synthesis of proposed pathophysiological mechanisms and diagnostic biomarkers.

Main Results:

  • Long COVID affects immune, respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, neuropsychological, and musculoskeletal systems.
  • Multiple risk factors contribute to the development of long COVID.
  • Potential biomarkers and pathophysiological pathways are being investigated.

Conclusions:

  • Comprehensive management strategies are needed for long COVID.
  • Guidelines should encompass treatment, health systems, finance, and public attitudes.
  • International cooperation is crucial for effective long COVID policy and care.

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