Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

432
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...
432
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

211
Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
211
Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

230
Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
230
Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

1.3K
Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but...
1.3K
Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

5.0K
Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
5.0K
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

1.3K
The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
1.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

International consensus on adolescent metabolic health: prevention of obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Diabetology & metabolic syndrome·2026
Same author

Thyroid function, coronary complexity, and socio-demographic determinants of outcomes after acute coronary syndrome: sex-specific analysis from the CaRD registry.

Heart and vessels·2026
Same author

Exosomal MicroRNAs as theranostic tools in type 2 diabetes and its complications: mechanistic insights and clinical implications.

Diabetology & metabolic syndrome·2026
Same author

National Utilization and Expenditure Trends of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Dual GLP-1/GIP Agonist in Croatia, 2017-2024.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)·2025
Same author

Sociodemographic Factors, Physical Activity and Glycemic Control in Adults with Diabetes: A Pilot Study from a Croatian Reference Center.

Nursing reports (Pavia, Italy)·2025
Same author

Diabetologists' Knowledge and Prescription of Physical Activity in Southeast Europe.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 21, 2025

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion
07:30

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion

Published on: May 10, 2018

9.3K

CELEBRATING 100 YEARS OF INSULIN USE.

Zrinka Šakić1, Kristian Dominik Rudež1, Anica Radoš Kajić1

  • 1Vuk Vrhovac University Clinic for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Merkur University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia.

Acta Clinica Croatica
|July 26, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers the 100-year history of insulin therapy for diabetes, from its discovery to modern advancements. Future research focuses on non-invasive insulin delivery methods to improve patient care.

Keywords:
diabetesdiscoveryinsulintype 1 diabetes mellitustype 2 diabetes mellitus

More Related Videos

Insulin Injection and Hemolymph Extraction to Measure Insulin Sensitivity in Adult Drosophila melanogaster
05:52

Insulin Injection and Hemolymph Extraction to Measure Insulin Sensitivity in Adult Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: June 30, 2011

19.8K
Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

18.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 21, 2025

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion
07:30

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion

Published on: May 10, 2018

9.3K
Insulin Injection and Hemolymph Extraction to Measure Insulin Sensitivity in Adult Drosophila melanogaster
05:52

Insulin Injection and Hemolymph Extraction to Measure Insulin Sensitivity in Adult Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: June 30, 2011

19.8K
Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

18.9K

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Medical History
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Diabetes Mellitus is one of the earliest documented human illnesses, prompting extensive research throughout history.
  • The 20th century witnessed groundbreaking discoveries, transforming Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus into a manageable chronic condition.

Observation:

  • The 100th anniversary of insulin's first application was celebrated in 2022, coinciding with World Diabetes Day on November 14th.
  • Significant progress has been made in insulin purification, quality, and delivery systems since its initial discovery.

Findings:

  • Early 20th-century breakthroughs enabled insulin therapy, making Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus a treatable condition.
  • Establishing the link between glycemic control and reduced diabetes complications spurred continuous innovation in insulin treatment.

Implications:

  • Current insulin therapy has greatly improved patient outcomes and quality of life.
  • Future research aims to develop non-invasive insulin administration methods, moving beyond subcutaneous injections.