Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

Electroconvulsive Therapy

69
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
69
Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents01:23

Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents

275
Atypical antidepressants, including bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remeron), nefazodone (Serzone), trazodone (Desyrel), and vilazodone (Viibryd), offer unique mechanisms of action. Bupropion weakly inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake, aiding depression treatment and smoking cessation, with a low risk of sexual dysfunction. Mirtazapine enhances serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmission, leading to sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain. As a result, it helps treat...
275
Psychosis: Goals of Pharmacotherapy01:26

Psychosis: Goals of Pharmacotherapy

168
Antipsychotic drugs are a crucial treatment method for acute and chronic psychoses, bipolar illness, and behavioral disorders. The selection of these drugs depends on several factors, including the state of the disease, clinical judgment, possible drug interactions, and the patient's sensitivity to adverse effects. In immediate scenarios, such as delirium and dementia, short-term treatment with low doses of high-potency typical or atypical agents can effectively manage symptom exacerbation.
168
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

202
Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
202
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

214
Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
214
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

156
Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
156

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Impact of sex differences on the association between clinical predictors and electroconvulsive therapy outcomes: results from the Dutch ECT Consortium (DEC).

Journal of affective disorders·2026
Same author

On the value of radiomics in addition to clinical measures in emotional conflict fMRI for predicting sertraline response in major depressive disorder.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy for depression: comparing research studies with real-world clinical data from the Dutch ECT consortium.

Comprehensive psychiatry·2026
Same author

Depression in Parkinson's disease is associated with reduced ventral striatal dopamine transporter binding.

NPJ Parkinson's disease·2026
Same author

Corticothalamic dynamics during postictal recovery of self-orientation after electroconvulsive therapy.

Brain communications·2026
Same author

Exploring psychotropic medication use in Dutch primary care: trends, prevalence, and associations with polypsychopharmacy.

BJGP open·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 21, 2025

MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
08:20

MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder

Published on: August 11, 2015

14.0K

[Consider (es)ketamine for treatment-resistant depression].

Mike van Verseveld1,2, Sven Stuiver1, Cornelis F Vos3

  • 1Rijnstate, afd. Psychiatrie, Arnhem.

Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde
|July 26, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Ketamine, an anesthetic, offers a fast-acting treatment for treatment-resistant depression. While effective, its long-term safety and effects require further investigation for widespread clinical use.

More Related Videos

Individualized rTMS Treatment for Depression using an fMRI-Based Targeting Method
07:12

Individualized rTMS Treatment for Depression using an fMRI-Based Targeting Method

Published on: August 2, 2021

3.6K
Vagus Nerve Stimulation As an Adjunctive Neurostimulation Tool in Treatment-resistant Depression
04:29

Vagus Nerve Stimulation As an Adjunctive Neurostimulation Tool in Treatment-resistant Depression

Published on: January 7, 2019

28.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 21, 2025

MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
08:20

MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder

Published on: August 11, 2015

14.0K
Individualized rTMS Treatment for Depression using an fMRI-Based Targeting Method
07:12

Individualized rTMS Treatment for Depression using an fMRI-Based Targeting Method

Published on: August 2, 2021

3.6K
Vagus Nerve Stimulation As an Adjunctive Neurostimulation Tool in Treatment-resistant Depression
04:29

Vagus Nerve Stimulation As an Adjunctive Neurostimulation Tool in Treatment-resistant Depression

Published on: January 7, 2019

28.7K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry

Context:

  • Major depressive disorder affects a significant global population.
  • A substantial portion of patients exhibit resistance to conventional treatments like pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy.
  • Ketamine is emerging as a novel therapeutic option for individuals with treatment-resistant depression.

Purpose:

  • To review the current evidence on the efficacy and safety of ketamine for treatment-resistant depression.
  • To provide an overview of the latest research findings on (esketamine) use.
  • To discuss the knowns and unknowns regarding the long-term effects of ketamine treatment.

Summary:

  • Ketamine, an anesthetic agent, demonstrates rapid antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant depression.
  • While effective, the long-term safety profile and comprehensive effects of ketamine remain under investigation.
  • In the Netherlands, S-ketamine nasal spray is the only registered form for treatment-resistant depression, though various administration methods exist.

Impact:

  • Highlights ketamine as a promising, rapid-acting alternative for refractory depression.
  • Underscores the critical need for further research into the long-term safety and efficacy of ketamine therapies.
  • Informs clinical practice and patient selection for ketamine treatment in treatment-resistant depression.