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Related Concept Videos

Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral...
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Organization of the Brain01:30

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The brain is an integral component of the nervous system and serves as the center for processing sensory inputs, making decisions, and directing bodily actions. This complex organ is organized into three primary sections: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, each responsible for a range of vital functions.
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Brain Imaging

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Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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Evolutionary psychology explores the origins of human behavior and mental processes by framing them within the context of natural selection, a theory famously propounded by Charles Darwin. This field asserts that many behaviors common across human societies — ranging from instinctive fear reactions to complex social interactions — arose as evolutionary adaptations. These adaptations enhanced the survival and reproductive success of our ancestors, thereby becoming embedded in the...
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Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 21, 2025

Serial Two-Photon Tomography of the Whole Marmoset Brain for Neuroanatomical Analyses
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Integrative Omics Reveals Rapidly Evolving Regulatory Sequences Driving Primate Brain Evolution.

Xiao-Lin Zhuang1,2, Jin-Jin Zhang1,2, Yong Shao1,2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.

Molecular Biology and Evolution
|July 26, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Researchers explored genetic changes driving primate brain evolution. They identified regulatory sequences and the BMP7 gene as key factors in primate brain development and human cognitive evolution.

Keywords:
brainevolutionomicsprimateregulatory sequences

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genomics
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Primate brain expansion underpins enhanced cognitive abilities.
  • The genetic drivers of this brain evolution remain largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate evolutionary alterations in brain genes from ancestral primates to humans.
  • To identify novel genetic elements contributing to primate brain evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Large-scale comparative genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic analyses.
  • Comparison of single-cell and bulk transcriptomic data between primate and nonprimate brains.
  • In utero electroporation in mouse embryonic cortex.

Main Results:

  • Rapid changes in regulatory sequences of brain-expressed genes were observed, especially in the Simiiformes ancestor.
  • Primate-specific regulatory sequences may control high gene expression in primate brains.
  • The primate-specific gene BMP7 was recruited to regulate neuronal proliferation in the primate ventricular zone.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a comprehensive catalog of genes and regulatory changes in primate brain evolution.
  • Identified genetic elements are crucial for understanding human brain evolution and inherited diseases.