Stabilize Sodium Metal Anode by Integrated Patterning of Laser-Induced Graphene with Regulated Na Deposition Behavior

Metallic sodium is regarded as the most potential anode for sodium-ion batteries due to its high capacity and earth-abundancy. Nevertheless, uncontrolled Na dendrite growth and infinite volume change remain great challenges for developing high-performance sodium metal batteries. This work provides a simple and general approach to stabilize sodium metal anode (SMA) by constructing Sn nanoparticles-anchored laser-induced graphene on copper foil (Sn@LIG@Cu) consisting of Sn@LIG composite, polyimide (PI) columns, and Cu current collector. The Sn-based sodiophilic species effectively reduce the Na nucleation overpotential and regulate the dendrite Na-free deposition. While the flexible PI columns act as binder and buffer the volume variation of Na during cycling. Besides, the unique patterned structure provides continuous and rapid channels for ion transportation, promoting the Na⁺ transport kinetics. Therefore, the as-fabricated Sn@LIG@Cu electrode exhibits outstanding rate performance to 40 mA cm^-2 and excellent cycling stability without dendrite growth, which is confirmed by in-situ optical microscopy observation. Moreover, the practical full cell based on such an anode displays a favorable rate capability of up to 10 C and cycling performance at 5 C for 600 cycles. This work thus demonstrates a facile, highly-efficient, and scalable approach to stabilize SMAs and can be extended to other battery systems.