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Malaria as a Papal Disease.

Carmela Bisaccia1, Luca Salvatore De Santo, Natale Gaspare De Santo

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|July 27, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Malaria significantly impacted Roman pontiffs, affecting 21.4% of popes between 999-1644 AD, with a 15.2% mortality rate. Popes adopted preventative measures by relocating during summer months to avoid malaria transmission.

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Area of Science:

  • Historical epidemiology
  • Medical history
  • Papal history

Background:

  • Malaria has a long history in Rome, endemic by the second century BC.
  • The disease significantly affected the Roman population.
  • Papal history intersects with public health challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the historical impact of malaria on Roman pontiffs.
  • To identify the prevalence and mortality rates of malaria among popes.
  • To understand adaptive strategies employed by pontiffs against malaria.

Main Methods:

  • Historical analysis of papal records from Saint Peter to John Paul II.
  • Examination of documented cases of malaria among popes.
  • Review of historical public health practices adopted by the papacy.

Main Results:

  • Malaria affected 21.4% of 99 popes between 999-1644 AD.
  • Mortality rate due to malaria was 15.2% among affected pontiffs.
  • Many cardinals and staff, particularly from northern regions, contracted and died from malaria during conclaves.

Conclusions:

  • Malaria posed a significant health risk throughout the papacy.
  • Pontiffs adopted strategies, like seasonal relocation, to mitigate malaria exposure.
  • Public health initiatives were implemented to combat the disease's spread.