Mechanical ventilation during pediatric extracorporeal life support

To discuss the role of ventilator induced lung injury (VILI) and patient self-inflicted lung injury in ventilated children supported on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).

While extracorporeal life support is used routinely used every day around the globe to support neonatal, pediatric, and adult patients with refractory cardiac and/or respiratory failure, the optimal approach to mechanical ventilation, especially for those with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), remains unknown and controversial. Given the lack of definitive data in this population, one must rely on available evidence in those with ARDS not supported with ECMO and extrapolate adult observations. Ventilatory management should include, as a minimum standard, limiting inspiratory and driving pressures, providing a sufficient level of positive end-expiratory pressure, and setting a low rate to reduce mechanical power. Allowing for spontaneous breathing and use of pulmonary specific ancillary treatment modalities must be individualized, while balancing the risk and benefits. Future studies delineating the best strategies for optimizing MV during pediatric extracorporeal life support are much needed.

Future investigations will hopefully provide the needed evidence and better understanding of the overall goal of reducing mechanical ventilation intensity to decrease risk for VILI and promote lung recovery for those supported with ECMO.