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Related Concept Videos

Shock Waves01:16

Shock Waves

2.1K
While deriving the Doppler formula for the observed frequency of a sound wave, it is assumed that the speed of sound in the medium is greater than the source's speed through it. When this condition is breached, a shock wave occurs.
When the source's speed approaches the speed of sound, constructive interference between successive wavefronts emitted by the source occurs immediately behind it. Initially, scientists believed that this constructive interference would result in such high...
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Sound Waves: Interference00:53

Sound Waves: Interference

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Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...
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Beats01:09

Beats

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The study of music provides many examples of the superposition of waves and the constructive and destructive interference that occurs. Very few examples of music being performed consist of a single source playing a single frequency for an extended period of time. A single frequency of sound for an extended period might be monotonous to the point of irritation, similar to the unwanted drone of an aircraft engine or a loud fan. Music is pleasant and exciting due to mixing the changing frequencies...
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Sound Waves: Resonance01:14

Sound Waves: Resonance

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Resonance is produced depending on the boundary conditions imposed on a wave. Resonance can be produced in a string under tension with symmetrical boundary conditions (i.e., has a node at each end). A node is defined as a fixed point where the string does not move. The symmetrical boundary conditions result in some frequencies resonating and producing standing waves, while other frequencies interfere destructively. Sound waves can resonate in a hollow tube, and the frequencies of the sound...
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Deriving the Speed of Sound in a Liquid01:09

Deriving the Speed of Sound in a Liquid

536
As with waves on a string, the speed of sound or a mechanical wave in a fluid depends on the fluid's elastic modulus and inertia. The two relevant physical quantities are the bulk modulus and the density of the material. Indeed, it turns out that the relationship between speed and the bulk modulus and density in fluids is the same as that between the speed and the Young's modulus and density in solids.
The speed of sound in fluids can be derived by considering a mechanical wave...
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Echo01:06

Echo

536
The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
Imagine the sound is reflected back to the ears. Assuming that the source is very close to the human, the difference between hearing the two sounds—the emitted sound and the reflected sound—may be more than the minimum time for perceiving distinct sounds. If this is the case,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 21, 2025

Induction of Microstreaming by Nonspherical Bubble Oscillations in an Acoustic Levitation System
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Cracks break the sound barrier.

Michael Marder1

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|July 27, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Tensile cracks can propagate faster than the speed of sound. This surprising finding challenges previous understandings of fracture mechanics and material failure dynamics.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physics
  • Mechanics

Background:

  • Fracture mechanics traditionally assumes crack propagation is limited by wave speeds.
  • Understanding crack dynamics is crucial for material integrity and failure analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate the maximum speed of tensile crack propagation.
  • To determine if cracks can exceed the speed of sound in certain conditions.

Main Methods:

  • High-speed imaging techniques were employed to capture crack propagation.
  • Experiments were conducted on specific materials under controlled tensile stress.

Main Results:

  • Experimental evidence demonstrates that tensile cracks can propagate at speeds exceeding the Rayleigh wave speed (the speed of sound in solids).

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  • Observed crack velocities surpassed the sound speed in the tested materials.

    • Conclusions:

    • The findings challenge established theories in fracture mechanics.
    • Crack propagation can occur at supersonic speeds, necessitating revised models for material failure.